Table 3

Bivariate analyses between undernutrition and food security variables

Background variable	Type of intervention and conditions†			Stunting (N=1498)					Underweight (N=1498)					Wasting (N=1498)
	Nutrition specific	Nutrition sensitive	Enabling environment	(+) Stunted		(−) Not stunted		P value‡	(+) Under weight		(−) Not underweight		P value‡	(+) Wasted		(-) Not wasted		P value‡
	Nutrition specific	Nutrition sensitive		N	(%)	n	(%)	P value‡	n	(%)	n	(%)	P value‡	n	(%)	n	(%)	P value‡
Categorical variables
Food availability and consumption
v₂₉: cereal	–	X	–	685	99	779	99.1	0.794	298	99.3	1186	99	0.749	107	100	1377	99	0.617
v₃₀: white roots and tubers	–	X	–	362	52.3	392	48.6	0.162	152	50.7	602	50.3	0.949	51	47.7	703	50.5	0.616
v₃₁: vegetables (vitamin A rich, leafy, and others)	–	X	–	570	82.4	670	83.1	0.732	251	83.7	989	82.6	0.732	94	87.9	1146	82.4	0.183
v₃₂: fruits (vitamin A rich and others)	–	X	–	84	12.1	71	8.8	0.041*	35	11.7	120	10	0.398	8	7.5	147	10.6	0.409
v₃₃: meats (organ and flesh)	–	X	–	82	11.8	111	13.8	0.28	32	10.7	161	13.4	0.212	16	15.9	177	12.7	0.548
v₃₄: eggs	–	X	–	75	10.8	82	10.2	0.674	28	9.3	129	10.8	0.528	4	3.7	153	11	0.014*
v₃₅: fish and seafood	–	X	–	265	38.3	285	35.4	0.259	121	40.3	429	35.8	0.16	34	31.8	516	37.1	0.299
v₃₆: legumes, nuts and seeds	–	X	–	389	56.2	409	50.7	0.038*	172	57.3	626	52.3	0.121	46	43	752	54.1	0.034*
v₃₇: milk and milk products	–	X	–	24	3.5	30	3.7	0.89	11	3.7	43	3.6	1	4	3.7	50	3.6	0.791
v₃₈: oils and fats	–	X	–	270	39	324	40.2	0.672	116	38.7	478	39.9	0.742	39	36.4	555	39.9	0.539
v₃₉: sweets	–	X	–	135	19.5	160	19.9	0.896	56	18.7	239	19.9	0.685	13	12.1	282	20.3	0.043*
v₄₀: spices, condiments and beverages	–	X	–	146	21.1	161	20	0.608	59	19.7	248	20.7	0.749	18	16.8	289	20.8	0.385
Self-production of crops
v₄₁: maize	–	X	–	636	98.5	726	98.5	1	278	98.9	1084	98.4	0.784	94	96.9	1268	98.6	0.178
v₄₂: rice	–	X	–	166	25.7	207	28.1	0.332	74	26.3	299	27.1	0.822	30	27	343	26.7	0.406
v₄₃: sorghum	–	X	–	135	20.9	146	19.8	0.639	68	24.2	213	19.3	0.081	25	25.8	256	19.9	0.19
v₄₄: cassava	–	X	–	271	42	287	38.9	0.272	119	42.3	439	39.8	0.454	33	34	525	40.8	0.199
v₄₅: wheat	–	X	–	1	0.2	3	0.4	0.628	0	0	4	0.4	0.588	0	0	4	0.3	1
v₄₆: yams	–	X	–	143	22.1	151	20.5	0.469	53	18.9	241	21.9	0.289	15	15.5	279	21.7	0.159
v₄₇: pumpkin	–	X	–	266	41.2	282	38.3	0.271	120	42.7	428	38.8	0.246	35	36.1	513	39.9	0.519
v₄₈: spinach and other green leafy vegetables	–	X	–	61	9.4	63	8.5	0.573	30	10.7	94	8.5	0.292	11	11.3	113	8.8	0.36
v₄₉: vitamin A rich fruits (mango, apricot, papaya and peach)	–	X	–	45	7	51	6.9	1	19	6.8	77	7	1	11	11.3	85	6.6	0.094
v₅₀: banana	–	X	–	14	2.2	20	1.7	0.603	5	1.8	29	2.6	0.52	2	2.1	32	2.5	1
v₅₁: other fruits (orange, water melon and melon)	–	X	–	12	1.9	16	2.2	0.707	7	2.5	21	1.9	0.484	3	3.1	25	1.9	0.441
v₅₂: pea and beans	–	X	–	354	54.8	382	51.8	0.28	160	56.9	576	52.3	0.18	55	56.7	881	53	0.527
v₅₃: nuts and other legumes		X		169	26.2	183	24.8	0.578	71	25.3	281	25.5	1	26	26.8	326	25.3	0.719
Ownership of agricultural assets
v₅₄: farmland	–	X	–	641	92.6	727	90.2	0.098	280	93.3	1088	90.8	0.206	96	89.7	1272	91.4	0.48
v₅₅: home garden	–	X	–	8	1.2	9	1.1	1	5	1.7	12	1	0.358	3	1.7	14	1	0.116
v₅₆: milk cow, cattle and bull	–	X	–	4	0.6	1	0.1	0.188	2	0.7	3	0.3	0.263	1	0.9	4	0.3	0.31
v₅₇: horse, donkey and mule	–	X	–	0	0	1	0.1	1	0	0	1	0.1	1	0	0	1	0.1	1
v₅₈: goat	–	X	–	20	2.9	26	3.2	0.765	13	4.3	33	2.8	0.188	3	2.8	43	3.1	1
v₅₉: chicken and other poultry	–	X	–	226	32.7	247	30.6	0.404	107	35.7	366	30.6	0.096	36	33.6	437	31.4	0.666
				Mean	SD	Mean	SD	P value§	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	P value§	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	P value§
Interval and ratio variables
v₆₀: number of months without maize during last 12 months (mo)	X	–	–	0.6	1.73	0.7	1.93	0.147	0.6	1.77	0.6	1.86	0.483	0.8	1.92	0.6	1.84	0.361
v₆₁: number of months without cassava during last 12 months (mo)	X	–	–	2.9	4.19	2.7	4.18	0.268	3.2	4.4	2.7	4.1	0.093	3.4	4.51	2.7	4.15	0.262
v₆₂: number of months without rice during last 12 months (mo)	X	–	–	2.9	4.42	3	4.39	0.464	3	4.5	2.9	4.4	0.958	3.4	4.63	2.9	4.38	0.241
v₆₃: household dietary diversity score (pt) ^c	X	–	–	4.5	2.01	4.3	2.1	0.069	4.4	1.97	4.4	2.08	0.312	4.1	1.97	4.4	2.06	0.06
v₆₄: total number of meals yesterday (meal)	X	–	–	2.7	0.53	2.7	0.5	0.873	2.7	0.48	2.7	0.52	0.353	2.7	0.5	2.7	0.51	0.806
v₆₅: farmland size (ha)	X	–	–	288	1010	352	1067	0.463	379	1352	308	949	0.939	522	1722	307	969	0.145
v₆₆: home-garden size(m²)	X	–	–	205	363	130	162	0.306	121	212	184	295	0.364	200	259	158	279	0.407

*p<0.05, **p<0.01.
†Categorisation based on the previous review (Black et al. 2013).15
‡χ² test (Fisher’s exact test)
§Mann-Whitney U test.