Estimated mean differences in BP associated with a six-point higher score of hPDI and uPDI in subcohorts of INTERMAP participants†
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | |
| Difference (95% CI) | Difference (95% CI) | |
| hPDI | ||
| Excluding participants with self-reported diagnosis of hypertension and users of antihypertensive drugs‡ | ||
| Model 3a | −0.63 (−1.30 to −0.40)** | −0.36 (−0.54 to −0.22)* |
| Model 3b | −0.65 (−1.30 to −0.33)** | −0.41 (−0.81 to −0.26)* |
| Model 3c | −0.41 (−1.00 to −0.11)* | −0.33 (−0.71 to −0.11)* |
| Excluding hypertensive participants§ | ||
| Model 3a | −0.66 (−1.28 to −0.36)** | −0.31 (−0.53 to −0.20)* |
| Model 3b | −0.62 (−1.28 to −0.31)** | −0.35 (−0.82 to −0.23)* |
| Model 3c | −0.40 (−0.99 to −0.13)* | −0.30 (−0.68 to −0.12)* |
| Further exclusion of participants with prevalent cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus¶ | ||
| Model 3a | −0.59 (−1.25 to −0.32)** | −0.29 (−0.50 to −0.19)* |
| Model 3b | −0.60 (−1.22 to −0.30)** | −0.33 (−0.80 to −0.20)* |
| Model 3c | −0.38 (−0.97 to −0.10)* | −0.29 (−0.65 to −0.11)* |
| Participants on antihypertensive drugs†† | ||
| Model 3a | −0.69 (−1.86 to −0.16)** | −0.42 (−0.83 to −0.22)* |
| Model 3b | −0.64 (−1.88 to −0.24)** | −0.45 (−0.89 to −0.24)* |
| Model 3c | −0.48 (−1.13 to −0.13)* | −0.37 (−0.77 to −0.11)* |
| Participants diagnosed with diabetes§§ | ||
| Model 3a | −0.13 (−2.53 to 4.18) | −0.07 (−2.51 to 1.55) |
| Results for scores based on 12 food groups¶¶ | ||
| Model 3a | −0.69 (−1.28 to −0.30)** | −0.29 (−0.62 to −0.22)* |
| Model 3b | −0.61 (−1.32 to −0.28)** | −0.33 (−0.94 to −0.23)* |
| Model 3c | −0.54 (−1.01 to −0.11)* | −0.27 (−0.68 to −0.08)* |
| uPDI | ||
| Excluding participants with self-reported diagnosis of hypertension and users of antihypertensive drugs‡ | ||
| Model 3a | 0.71 (0.25 to 1.22)** | 0.20 (−0.11 to 0.57) |
| Model 3b | 0.77 (0.28 to 1.32)** | 0.28 (−0.07 to 0.64) |
| Model 3c | 0.51 (0.20 to 1.09)* | 0.15 (−0.21 to 0.54) |
| Excluding hypertensive participants§ | ||
| Model 3a | 0.69 (0.24 to 1.20)** | 0.19 (−0.10 to 0.55) |
| Model 3b | 0.75 (0.26 to 1.30)** | 0.27 (−0.06 to 0.62) |
| Model 3c | 0.50 (0.18 to 1.04)* | 0.14 (−0.20 to 0.52) |
| Further exclusion of participants with prevalent cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus¶ | ||
| Model 3a | 0.68 (0.25 to 1.22)** | 0.19 (−0.11 to 0.57) |
| Model 3b | 0.73 (0.28 to 1.32)** | 0.23 (−0.04 to 0.62) |
| Model 3c | 0.51 (0.23 to 1.07)* | 0.13 (−0.19 to 0.55) |
| Participants on antihypertensive drugs†† | ||
| Model 3a | 0.82 (0.16 to 1.52)** | 0.14 (−0.27 to 1.29) |
| Model 3b | 0.89 (0.18 to 1.57)** | 0.17 (−0.29 to 1.15) |
| Model 3c | 0.41 (0.08 to 1.39)* | 0.11 (−0.21 to 1.24) |
| Participants diagnosed with diabetes§§ | ||
| Model 3a | 0.08 (−2.63 to 3.65) | 0.02 (−1.99 to 1.78) |
| Results for scores based on 12 food groups¶¶ | ||
| Model 3a | −0.49 (−1.25 to −0.32)** | −0.31 (−0.55 to −0.17)* |
| Model 3b | −0.52 (−1.22 to −0.30)** | −0.36 (−0.77 to −0.22)* |
| Model 3c | −0.25 (−0.97 to −0.10)* | −0.30 (−0.67 to −0.13)* |
Values are presented as mean (95% CI); *P< 0.05; **P< 0.01; ***P<0.0001.
†Model 2 is adjusted for sample, age, sex, moderate or heavy physical activity, dietary supplement intake, 7-day alcohol intake, smoking status, total calorie intake, history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus, family history of hypertension, education level, use of antihypertensive, cardiovascular disease or diabetes medication and adherence to special diet. Model 3a is model 2 adjusted for BMI; model 3b is model 2 additionally adjusted for urinary sodium; model 3c is model two adjusted for urinary potassium. 1 SD=6 for PDI, hPDI, uPDI.
‡Subcohort excluding participants with a self-reported diagnosis of hypertension and users of antihypertensive drugs, n=3532.
§Subcohort excluding from foregoing cohort also those with high systolic BP (≥140 mm Hg) or diastolic BP (≥90 mm Hg), n=3363.
¶Subcohort excluding from foregoing cohort also those with prevalent cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, n=3051.
††Subcohort of users of antihypertensive drugs, n=1148.
‡‡Subcohort of participants diagnosed with diabetes, n=277.
§§Results for scores based on 12 food groups (fruits, vegetables, legumes, vegetable oils, tea/coffee, refined grains, potatoes, sweets/desserts, animal fat, eggs, total meat and miscellaneous foods), consumed by all 4680 participants.
BP, blood pressure; hPDI, healthy PDI; INTERMAP, INTERnational study on MAcro/micronutrients and blood Pressure; PDI, plant-based diet index; uPDI, unhealthy PDI.