Table 5

Χ² test results for factors related with prevalence of GDM in Dodoma region (N= 582)

Variable	GDM status
	Positive		Negative		X²
	n (%)		n (%)		P value
Age category (years)
<20	10	12.8	68	87.2	X²=12.592†
20–34	128	28.6	320	71.4	P value=0.002
>35	22	39.3	34	60.7
Residence
Urban	116	31.6	251	68.4	X²=8.444†
Rural	44	20.5	171	79.5	P value=0.004
Education level
Non-educated	14	16.7	70	83.3
Primary education	80	23.9	255	76.1	X²=20.947†
Secondary education	53	40.5	78	59.5	P value=0.000
College or university level	13	40.6	19	59.4
Economic status
High	26	17.8	120	82.2	X²=13.909†
Medium	35	24.1	110	75.9	P value=0.001
Low	99	34	192	66
GA category (weeks)
<24	15	15	85	85	X²=11.488†
24–28	121	28.9	297	71.1	P value=0.003
>28	24	37.5	40	62.5
History of caesarean section
Yes	22	50	22	50	X²=14.529†
No	95	27.9	245	72.1	P value=0.001
Primigravida	43	21.7	155	78.3
Head of the family
Husband	75	21.9	267	78.1
Wife	9	50	9	50	X²=14.945†
Others	76	34.2	146	65.8	P value=0.001
Family history of diabetes
Yes	26	53.1	23	46.9	X²=17.549†
No	134	25.1	399	74.9	P value=0.000
Family member with diabetes
None	135	25.3	399	74.9
First-degree relatives	15	57.7	11	42.3	X²=16.767†
Second-degree relatives	10	45.5	12	54.5	P value=0.000
Awareness
Yes	1	4.3	22	95.7	X²=6.434*
No	159	28.4	400	71.6	P value=0.008
Alcohol consumption
None	144	25.9	411	74.1	X²=14.666†
At least one bottle per day	13	61.9	8	38.1	P value=0.001
Stopped after conception	3	50	3	50
MUAC
<28 cm (normal)	74	22.4	257	77.6	X²=9.714†
≥28 cm (overweight)	85	34	165	66	P value=0.002
Physical activity level
Low	150	31.6	324	68.4	X²=23.708†
Moderate	9	8.4	98	91.6	P value=0.000
Pre-eclampsia
Negative	148	26.3	415	73.7	X²=10.641†
Positive	11	61.1	7	38.9	P value=0.001
History of LGA infant
No	71	26.8	194	73.2	X²=10.108†
Yes	45	38.1	73	61.9	P value=0.006
Primigravida	43	21.7	155	78.3

*Fisher’s exact test.
†Χ² test.
GA, gestational age; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; LGA, large for gestational age; MUAC, middle upper arm circumference.