Adjusted OR and 95% CI for the association between sleep and COVID-19* (N=2884)
| OR (95% CI) | |||||||||
| Model 1† | P value | P trend | Model 2‡ | P value | P trend | Model 3§ | P value | P trend | |
| Number of sleeping hours at night | 0.87 (0.80 to 0.95) | 0.001 | – | 0.88 (0.81 to 0.96) | 0.003 | – | 0.89 (0.81 to 0.97) | 0.003 | – |
| Number of daytime napping hours | 1.06 (1.01 to 1.12) | 0.02 | – | 1.06 (1.01 to 1.12) | 0.02 | – | 1.06 (1.01 to 1.11) | 0.03 | – |
| Sleep disturbance | |||||||||
| Difficulty sleeping at night (yes) | 1.22 (0.98 to 1.52) | 0.08 | – | 1.15 (0.92 to 1.45) | 0.22 | – | 1.13 (0.90 to 1.42) | 0.29 | – |
| Often wake up at early hours and unable to get back to sleep (yes) | 1.09 (0.88 to 1.35) | 0.41 | – | 1.04 (0.83 to 1.29) | 0.73 | – | 0.99 (0.79 to 1.23) | 0.94 | – |
| Sleeping pill use >3 times/week (yes) | 1.42 (0.98 to 2.07) | 0.06 | – | 1.35 (0.92 to 1.96) | 0.12 | – | 1.27 (0.87 to 1.86) | 0.22 | – |
| Self-reported sleep disturbance score¶ | |||||||||
| No sleep problem | Ref | – | 0.07 | Ref | – | 0.22 | Ref | – | 0.40 |
| Self-report of having one sleep problem** | 0.85 (0.65 to 1.10) | 0.21 | – | 0.82 (0.63 to 1.07) | 0.14 | – | 0.79 (0.60 to 1.03) | 0.08 | – |
| Self-report of having two sleep problems†† | 1.11 (0.84 to 1.46) | 0.46 | – | 1.04 (0.78 to 1.38) | 0.79 | – | 1.01 (0.76 to 1.35) | 0.95 | – |
| Self-report of having three sleep problems‡‡ | 2.03 (1.28 to 3.24) | 0.003 | – | 1.88 (1.17 to 3.01) | 0.01 | – | 1.72 (1.07 to 2.78) | 0.02 | – |
| Any sleep disturbance (≥1 sleep problem) | 1.04 (0.85 to 1.26) | 0.72 | – | 0.98 (0.8 to 1.20) | 0.85 | – | 0.94 (0.77 to 1.16) | 0.57 | – |
Bold font denotes statistically significant associations.
*COVID-19 cases are defined as individuals with self-reported COVID-19-like illness (fever, cough, fatigue, loss of taste or smell) or a positive PCR or antibody test.
†Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, race and country.
‡Model 2 additionally adjusted for specialty, presence of a medical condition and stress from work (feeling burned out).
§Model 3 additionally adjusted for frequency of contact with a patient with COVID-19 at work, close exposure to a patient with COVID-19 inside the workplace without personal protective equipment and close exposure outside the workplace.
¶Sleep disturbance was defined as “yes” response to any of the following questions: a) Do you have difficulties falling asleep at night prior to the Covid-19 pandemic?, b) Do you often wake up in the early hours, unable to get back to sleep prior to the Covid-19 pandemic?, or c) Do you take sleeping pills more than 3 times per week prior to the Covid-19 pandemic?
**Having 1 sleep problem was defined as saying 'yes' to any of the three questions.
††Having 2 sleep problems was defined as saying yes to two of the three questions.
‡‡Having 3 sleep problems was defined as saying yes to all of the three questions.
Ref, reference.