Baseline characteristics of WHI participants in analytical sample by quartiles of energy-adjusted total pasta meal intake (n=84 555)
| Residual total pasta meal intake quartiles | P value | ||||
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
| Participants (n) | 21 139 | 21 139 | 21 138 | 21 139 | |
| Mean (SD) (servings/day) | 0.03 (0.07) | 0.13 (0.07) | 0.21 (0.08) | 0.45 (0.27) | |
| Median (servings/day) | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.38 | |
| (Q1, Q3) (servings/day) | (0.01, 0.08) | (0.12, 0.15) | (0.18, 0.23) | (0.31, 0.51) | |
| OS or HT or CaD participant (n)* | |||||
| OS | 17 175 | 17 208 | 17 237 | 17 377 | |
| HT | 3964 | 3931 | 3901 | 3762 | |
| CaD | 2289 | 2257 | 2287 | 2204 | |
| Age at baseline (years), mean (SD) | 64.0 (7.3) | 63.9 (7.3) | 63.2 (7.2) | 61.9 (7.2) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 27.4 (5.7) | 27.0 (5.5) | 27.1 (5.5) | 27.6 (5.8) | <0.001 |
| Self-reported race/ethnicity, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 17 396 (82.3) | 17 647 (83.5) | 18 257 (86.4) | 18 775 (88.8) | |
| African-American | 1660 (7.9) | 1616 (7.6) | 1402 (6.6) | 1120 (5.3) | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 1042 (4.9) | 842 (4.0) | 700 (3.3) | 626 (3.0) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 710 (3.4) | 749 (3.5) | 501 (2.4) | 295 (1.4) | |
| Other | 331 (1.6) | 285 (1.3) | 278 (1.3) | 323 (1.5) | |
| Cigarette smoking status, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Never smoker | 10 958 (52.4) | 10 950 (52.4) | 10 700 (51.2) | 10 036 (48.1) | |
| Past smoker | 8512 (40.7) | 8503 (40.7) | 8825 (42.2) | 9425 (45.1) | |
| Current smoker | 1445 (6.9) | 1433 (6.9) | 1372 (6.6) | 1415 (6.8) | |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day), mean (SD) | 7.0 (14.3) | 5.6 (10.5) | 5.3 (9.9) | 5.6 (10.5) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (METs/week), mean (SD) | 13.9 (14.8) | 13.6 (14.1) | 13.5 (13.8) | 13.9 (14.7) | 0.013 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day), mean (SD) | 1864.1 (615.6) | 1414.0 (494.8) | 1383.3 (511.1) | 1643.4 (631.1) | <0.001 |
| Total carb intake (g/day), mean (SD) | 236.1 (79.9) | 184.0 (66.1) | 179.6 (68.1) | 215.0 (82.6) | <0.001 |
| Per cent energy from carb, mean (SD) | 51.4 (10.1) | 52.7 (9.8) | 52.5 (9.4) | 53.0 (9.2) | <0.001 |
| Total sugar intake (g/day), mean (SD) | 121.6 (51.4) | 92.6 (38.6) | 87.9 (38.7) | 98.9 (45.4) | <0.001 |
| Added sugar intake (g/day), mean (SD) | 58.5 (40.4) | 42.0 (26.7) | 40.4 (25.3) | 48.8 (31.5) | <0.001 |
| Total fibre (g/day), mean (SD) | 18.5 (7.2) | 15.1 (6.3) | 14.8 (6.3) | 17.3 (7.3) | <0.001 |
| Glycaemic load, mean (SD) | 122.9 (44.5) | 95.3 (35.8) | 93.2 (36.5) | 112.0 (44.5) | <0.001 |
| Glycaemic index, mean (SD) | 51.8 (4.2) | 51.6 (4.0) | 51.8 (3.7) | 52.0 (3.4) | <0.001 |
| Whole grains, ounce equivalent/day, mean (SD) | 1.5 (1.2) | 1.1 (0.9) | 1.1 (0.9) | 1.2 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Non-whole grain, ounce equivalent/day, mean (SD) | 4.1 (2.4) | 3.1 (1.8) | 3.2 (1.7) | 4.2 (2.1) | <0.001 |
| HEI 2005, mean (SD) | 67.8 (11.4) | 69.5 (10.6) | 69.5 (10.2) | 69.0 (10.1) | <0.001 |
| Family history of diabetes, yes, n (%) | 6380 (30.3) | 6185 (29.4) | 6237 (29.6) | 6522 (31.0) | 0.007 |
| Family history of CHD, yes, n (%) | 10 160 (50.9) | 10 366 (51.7) | 10 442 (51.8) | 10 639 (52.9) | 0.001 |
| Family history of stroke, yes, n (%) | 7782 (37.0) | 7644 (36.4) | 7515 (35.7) | 7445 (35.4) | 0.001 |
| Family history of ASCVD, yes, n (%) | 13 466 (65.1) | 13 533 (65.3) | 13 473 (65.0) | 13 596 (65.5) | 0.125 |
| Incident diabetes, yes, n (%) | 2689 (12.7) | 2524 (11.9) | 2618 (12.4) | 2761 (13.1) | 0.004 |
| Incident CHD, yes, n (%) | 1063 (5.0) | 1061 (5.0) | 1047 (5.0) | 861 (4.1) | <0.001 |
| Incident stroke, yes, n (%) | 889 (4.2) | 842 (4.0) | 822 (3.9) | 620 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| Incident ASCVD, yes, n (%) | 1842 (8.7) | 1790 (8.5) | 1775 (8.4) | 1417 (6.7) | <0.001 |
*The WHI-HT and CaD trials had overlapping participants, while those in the WHI-OS were not in these trials by design, so the numbers may not add up to the total in each quartile.
ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BMI, body mass index; CaD, calcium and vitamin D; CHD, coronary heart disease; HEI, Healthy Eating Index; HT, hormone therapy; METs, metabolic equivalents; OS, observational study; Q, quartile; ;WHI, Women's Health Initiative.