Baseline characteristics and previous treatment
| Baseline characteristics | Smoker (n=307) | Ex-smoker (n=934) | Non-smoker (n=3983) | P value |
| Female | 95 (30.9)* | 160 (17.1) | 1909 (47.9)*† | <0.001 |
| Male | 212 (69.1) | 774 (82.9)†‡ | 2074 (52.1) | |
| Hypertension | 171 (55.9)‡ | 597 (64.3)†‡ | 1758 (44.2) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 100 (32.9) | 450 (48.6)†‡ | 1166 (29.4) | <0.001 |
| Type 1 diabetes mellitus | 2 (0.7) | 6 (0.6) | 22 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 61 (19.9) | 255 (27.3)†‡ | 623 (15.6) | |
| Insulin therapy | 63 (20.5) | 261 (27.9)†‡ | 645 (16.2) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 74 (28.1)‡ | 228 (30.6)‡ | 679 (19.8) | <0.001 |
| Renal failure | 30 (9.8)‡ | 100 (10.7)‡ | 204 (5.1) | <0.001 |
| Lung disease | 93 (30.3)‡ | 367 (39.3)†‡ | 552 (13.9) | p<0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 7 (2.3) | 53 (5.7)†‡ | 136 (3.4) | 0.02 |
| HIV | 6 (2)‡ | 6 (0.6) | 8 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Heart disease | 82 (27)‡ | 355 (38.3)†‡ | 754 (19.1) | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 17 (5.6) | 104 (11.4)†‡ | 277 (7.1) | <0.001 |
| Connective disease | 12 (4) | 29 (3.2) | 107 (2.7) | 0.389 |
| Liver disease | 29 (9.6)‡ | 56 (6.1)‡ | 105 (2.7) | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 49 (16.2)‡ | 210 (22.8)†‡ | 431 (11) | <0.001 |
| Immunosuppression | 41 (14.4)‡ | 99 (11.2)‡ | 235 (6.3) | <0.001 |
| Partially dependent | 19 (6.2) | 95 (10.2)† | 366 (9.2) | 0.036 |
| Totally dependent | 4 (1.3) | 40 (4.3)† | 164 (4.1)† | |
| Home oxygen therapy | 11 (3.6) | 68 (7.3)†‡ | 81 (2.0) | 0.036 |
| Aspirin | 70 (23.3)‡ | 239 (26.2)‡ | 462 (11.7) | <0.001 |
| Other antiplatelet | 17 (5.7)‡ | 63 (7.0)‡ | 110 (2.8) | <0.001 |
| Anticoagulants | 28 (9.3) | 143 (15.7)†‡ | 358 (9.1) | <0.001 |
| ACEI/ARB | 124 (41.5)‡ | 447 (48.4)†‡ | 1263 (32.0) | <0.001 |
| Beta blockers | 69 (23.0)‡ | 230 (25.1)‡ | 530 (13.4) | <0.001 |
| Beta2 agonist | 43 (14.4)‡ | 198 (21.8)†‡ | 287 (7.3) | <0.001 |
| Glucocorticoids | 28 (9.4) | 180 (19.7)†‡ | 258 (6.5) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin D supplement | 36 (12.0) | 113 (12.3) | 401 (10.2) | 0.119 |
| Benzodiazepines | 55 (18.5)‡ | 155 (16.9)‡ | 564 (14.3) | 0.027 |
Values are n (%). All p values were determined by using an analysis of variance with Bonferroni method.
*P<0.05 compared to ex-smokers.
†P<0.05 compared to smoker subjects.
‡P<0.05 compared to non-smoker subjects.
ACEI, ACE inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker.