Estimated mean differences in SBP (mm Hg) with 50 g increment of carbohydrate intake using QR models across SBP distribution*†
| Male | Female | |||||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
| 10th | 0.46 (-0.88 to 1.81) | 0.21 (-1.10 to 1.52) | −0.16 (-0.95 to 0.64) | −0.03 (-2.07 to 2.06) | 1.45 (0.41 to 2.49) | 1.25 (0.40 to 2.11) | 1.29 (0.33 to 2.24) | 1.70 (0.51 to 2.90) |
| 20th | 1.45 (0.39 to 2.52) | 0.25 (-1.54 to 2.05) | 0.61 (-0.72 to 1.94) | 1.16 (-1.21 to 3.53) | 1.00 (0.11 to 1.89) | 1.19 (0.26 to 2.13) | 1.01 (-0.08 to 2.10) | 1.38 (0.18 to 2.33) |
| 30th | 0.75 (-0.05 to 1.56) | 0.66 (-0.48 to 1.80) | 0.80 (-0.34 to 1.94) | 1.08 (-0.33 to 2.49) | 1.83 (0.71 to 2.94) | 0.94 (-0.40 to 2.27) | 0.71 (-0.30 to 1.71) | 0.77 (-0.28 to 1.84) |
| 40th | 0.92 (-0.06 to 1.91) | 1.16 (-0.05 to 2.37) | 1.06 (-0.43 to 2.55) | 1.30 (-0.19 to 2.79) | 2.00 (1.06 to 2.94) | 0.64 (-0.49 to 1.78) | 0.70 (-0.35 to 1.75) | 0.83 (-0.39 to 2.04) |
| 50th | 1.10 (0.45 to 1.74) | 0.30 (-0.92 to 1.52) | 0.84 (-0.70 to 2.39) | 1.46 (-0.24 to 3.16) | 2.45 (1.47 to 3.42) | 1.08 (0.26 to 1.90) | 1.17 (0.04 to 2.30) | 0.87 (-0.49 to 2.24) |
| 60th | 1.85 (0.61 to 3.09) | 0.69 (-0.64 to 2.01) | 1.15 (-0.37 to 2.68) | 1.64 (-0.24 to 3.51) | 2.43 (1.61 to 3.23) | 1.49 (0.49 to 2.49) | 1.43 (0.52 to 2.34) | 1.59 (0.12 to 3.07) |
| 70th | 2.00 (0.33 to 3.66) | 0.50 (-1.10 to 2.09) | 0.96 (-0.90 to 2.81) | 1.70 (-0.17 to 3.56) | 2.10 (0.88 to 3.31) | 2.06 (0.82 to 3.29) | 1.44 (0.30 to 2.58) | 1.60 (0.26 to 2.94) |
| 80th | 2.15 (0.29 to 4.01) | 0.62 (-0.98 to 2.22) | −1.19 (-2.21 to 1.84) | 0.72 (-2.23 to 3.67) | 1.62 (-0.03 to 3.25) | 1.76 (0.73 to 2.77) | 2.31 (1.42 to 3.20) | 2.04 (0.68 to 3.40) |
| 90th | 1.87 (-1.22 to 4.97) | 2.33 (-0.30 to 4.97) | 1.70 (-1.06 to 4.46) | 0.67 (-0.16 to 2.93) | 1.32 (-1.43 to 4.07) | 1.68 (-0.48 to 3.84) | 1.64 (-0.73 to 4.01) | 1.10 (-2.25 to 4.44) |
| OLS | 1.32 (0.13 to 2.36) | 0.77 (-0.34 to 1.88) | 0.83 (-0.26 to 1.92) | 1.20 (-0.02 to 2.42) | 1.71 (0.79 to 2.63) | 1.67 (0.75 to 2.59) | 1.64 (0.73 to 2.54) | 1.70 (0.60 to 2.79) |
Values are β-estimates (95%CI). The 95% CIs were obtained using 1000 bootstrap replications.
*Coefficients significant at the 5% level were italic; those at 1% level were bold.
†Model adjustments: model 1: adjusted for energy. Model 2: model 1 and further adjusted for age, education, fortune index and family history of hypertension. Model 3: model 2 and further adjusted for BMI, physical activity level, alcohol intake and smoke. Model 4: model 3 and further adjusted two nutrient principal components, protein and sodium intake.
BMI, body mass index; OLS, ordinary least squared; QR, quantile regression; ; SBP, systolic blood pressure.