United States Institute of Medicine and European Food Safety Authority Adequate Intake recommendations for choline
| Life stage | US IOM (1998) AI (mg/day)1 | EFSA (2016) AI (mg/day)2 | ||||
| Age (years) | Males | Females | UL (mg/day) | Age (years) | AI | |
| Adult | ≥19 | 550 | 425 | 3500 | ≥18 years | 400 |
| Pregnancy | – | – | 450 | 3500 | 480 | |
| Lactation | – | – | 550 | 3500 | 520 | |
AI, Adequate Intake; EFSA, European Food Safety Authority; IOM, Institute of Medicine; UL, Tolerable Upper Intake Level; US, United States.