MR method | COVID versus population | Hospitalised COVID versus population | Severe respiratory COVID versus population | COVID positive versus COVID negative | Hospitalised COVID versus non-hospitalised COVID | |||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Instrument A | ||||||||||
IVW | 1.04 | 0.92 to 1.18 | 1.05 | 0.84 to 1.31 | 0.96 | 0.64 to 1.43 | 1.15 | 0.99 to 1.35 | 1.44 | 0.75 to 2.78 |
MR-Egger intercept test | P=0.57 | P=0.19 | P=0.14 | P=0.88 | P=0.14 | |||||
Instrument B | ||||||||||
IVW | 1.04 | 0.92 to 1.18 | 1.15 | 0.92 to 1.44 | 1.01 | 0.71 to 1.43 | 1.15 | 0.98 to 1.34 | 1.42 | 0.86 to 2.35 |
MR-Egger intercept test | P=0.62 | P=0.15 | P=0.06 | P=0.61 | P=0.14 | |||||
Instrument C | ||||||||||
IVW | 1.02 | 0.90 to 1.15 | 1.12 | 0.92 to 1.37 | 1.05 | 0.82 to 1.34 | 1.05 | 0.92 to 1.20 | 1.23 | 0.85 to 1.77 |
MR-Egger intercept test | P=0.88 | P=0.85 | P=0.23 | P=0.12 | P=0.14 | |||||
Instrument of risk of vitamin D deficiency | ||||||||||
IVW | 1.00 | 0.99 to 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.98 to 1.02 | 1.02 | 0.99 to 1.05 | 0.99 | 0.97 to 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.90 to 1.05 |
MR-Egger intercept test | P=0.95 | P=0.61 | P=0.92 | P=0.46 | P=0.21 | |||||
Instrument of risk of vitamin D insufficiency | ||||||||||
IVW | 1.00 | 0.99 to 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.98 to 1.02 | 1.06 | 1.00 to 1.05 | 0.99 | 0.98 to 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.90 to 1.05 |
MR-Egger intercept test | P=0.87 | P=0.64 | P=0.76 | P=0.59 | P=0.22 |
OR representing change in risk of outcome per SD increase in log-transformed serum vitamin D (instruments A, B and C) or difference in risk of outcome for individuals at risk of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency versus individuals with sufficient vitamin D.
IVW, inverse variance weighted.