Unadjusted maternal and neonatal biochemical markers* and maternal and neonatal biochemical deficiencies†
| Biochemical markers* | Group A (baseline: n=119; final: n=79; neonatal: n=71) | Group B (baseline: n=115; final: n=86; neonatal: n=76) | Group C (baseline: n=111; final: n=92; neonatal: n=85) | P value‡ |
| Serum 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | ||||
| Baseline | 8.4±5.5 | 9.8±10.2 | 7.9±6.1 | 0.162 |
| Final | 14.0±9.6 | 11.9±7.7 | 9.8±7.2 | 0.002§ |
| Neonatal | 17.4±13.8 | 14.5±11.5 | 10.2±7.1 | 0.006§ |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | ||||
| Baseline | 9.5±2.3 | 9.1±2.4 | 9.3±2.4 | 0.470 |
| Final | 8±2.3 | 7.8±2.9 | 8.2±2.4 | 0.675 |
| Neonatal | 8.3±3.1 | 8.3±3.3 | 8.1±3 | 0.908 |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) | ||||
| Baseline | 12.1±7.1 | 12.2±5.7 | 14.3±6.4 | 0.014§ |
| Final | 16.6±7.6 | 16.9±8 | 16.9±7.3 | 0.953 |
| Neonatal | 23.1±9.7 | 25.6±9.2 | 22.7±8.5 | 0.106 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | ||||
| Baseline | 77.5±25.7 | 76.3±39 | 76.4±31.2 | 0.955 |
| Final | 158.3±71 | 196.4±206.2 | 194.7±164.1 | 0.223 |
| Neonatal | 248.9±452.3 | 320.5±691.4 | 211.2±196.6 | 0.350 |
| Biochemical deficiencies† | ||||
| Serum 25(OH)D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) | ||||
| Baseline | 116 (97.5) | 109 (94.8) | 107 (96.4) | 0.553 |
| Final | 60 (75.9) | 73 (84.9) | 83 (90.2) | 0.006§ |
| Neonatal | 48 (64.9) | 56 (73.7) | 78 (91.8) | 0.001§ |
| Calcium deficiency (<8.6 mg/dL) | ||||
| Baseline | 37 (31.4) | 41 (35.7) | 33 (29.5) | 0.670 |
| Final | 45 (56.9) | 46 (53.5) | 54 (58.7) | 0.710 |
| Neonatal | 39 (54.9) | 37 (48.7) | 47 (55.3) | 0.362 |
Group A: 4000 IU/day; group B: 2000 IU/day; group C: 400 IU/day (control group).
Maternal markers and deficiencies are assessed at both baseline and endline. Neonatal markers and deficiencies are assessed at birth.
*Data presented as mean±SD.
†Data presented as n (%).
‡P values for continuous variables using ANOVA; categorical variable p values are from χ2 test.
§Significant difference between groups.
ANOVA, analysis of variance.