Table 1

Characteristics of participants at baseline (year 2012)

Variables	Men						Women						P value
	Number of participants		Number of missing		Mean/no.	SD/%	Number of participants		Number of missing		Mean/no.	SD/%
	n	%	n	%	Mean/no.	SD/%	n	%	n	%	Mean/no.	SD/%
Demographic data
Age (years)*	579	100			65.0	8.4	994	100			64.8	7.6	0.72
Body mass index*	579	100			23.5	3.1	994	100			22.5	3.4	<0.001
Systolic BP (mmHg)*	579	100			131.4	17.9	994	100			129.4	17.7	0.038
Diastolic BP (mmHg)*	579	100			77.2	11.0	994	100			75.0	10.9	<0.001
Blood examination
HbA1c (%)*	579	100			5.2	0.3	994	100			5.2	0.3	0.78
TG (mg/dL)†	579	100			132.2	80.0	994	100			105.3	52.0	<0.001
HDL (mg/dL)†	579	100			57.5	16.2	994	100			65.0	15.4	<0.001
LDL (mg/dL)†	579	100			120.6	30.1	994	100			130.8	31.9	<0.001
GOT (U/L)†	579	100			25.1	10.5	994	100			22.6	8.8	<0.001
GPT (U/L)†	579	100			23.9	13.6	994	100			19.0	11.6	<0.001
γ-GTP (U/L)†	579	100			50.9	56.2	994	100			24.1	27.2	<0.001
Lifestyle
Short duration between dinner and bedtime (Yes)‡	516	89.1	63	10.9	83	16.1	928	93.4	66	6.6	70	7.5	<0.001
Smoking (Yes)‡	579	100.0			124	21.4	994	100			24	2.4	<0.001
Weight gain >3 kg within 1 year (Yes)‡	515	88.9	64	11.1	112	21.7	927	93.3	67	6.7	156	16.8	0.024
Consuming snacks after dinner (Yes)‡	516	89.1	63	10.9	51	9.9	928	93.4	66	6.6	112	12.1	0.225
Skipping breakfast (Yes)‡	516	89.1	63	10.9	38	7.4	928	93.4	66	6.6	26	2.8	<0.001
Drinking alcohol (Yes)‡	516	89.1	63	10.9	264	51.2	928	93.4	66	6.6	54	5.8	<0.001
Regular exercise (Yes)‡	579	100.0	16	2.8	264	45.6	994	100	43	4.3	444	44.7	0.939

*P values were calculated with a Student's t-test.
†P values were calculated with a Mann-Whitney U test.
‡P values were χ² test with Yates.
BP, blood pressure; GOT, glutamicoxaloacetic transaminase; GPT, glutamic pyruvic transaminase; GTP, glutamyltranspeptidase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TG, trigyceride.