Table 4

Health impacts (in QALYs) and health system costs for tax policies, for the NZ population alive in 2011 (lifetime horizon) with 3% discount rate

 Non-Māori Māori Māori Ethnic groups combined QALYs gained QALYs gained Equity analysis QALYs gained* QALYs gained Cost savings (2011 NZ$billion) Denmark – excise duties on saturated fat, chocolate and sweets Sex groups combined (95% UI)† 496 500 (401 900 to 599 700) 133 300 (112 800 to 157 100) 174 800‡ 629 700 (518 100 to 752 000)$12.2(9.4 to 15.3) Men 265 900 66 300 87 200 332 200 $6.5 Women 230 500 67 000 87 700 297 500$5.7 Per capita (QALYs/1000 people and $) 133.1 (171.9) 197.7 (256.9) 259.3 (337.8) 142.9 2769 Bermuda – 50% ad valorem tax on SSB Sex groups combined (95% UI) 184 400 (148 500 to 225 400) 104 100 (87 400 to 122 900) 134 200 288 600 (237 500 to 347 200)$5.6(4.4 to 7.2) Men 116 800 60 800 78 200 177 600 $3.5 Women 67 700 43 300 56 000 111 000$2.1 Per capita (QALYs/1000 people and $) 49.4 (64.5) 154.5 (198.1) 199.0 (256.2) 65.5 1278 Gulf Cooperation Council – ad valorem excise tax on carbonated beverages and energy drinks Sex groups combined (95% UI) 171 300 (139 300 to 209 100) 101 600 (85 500 to 119 600) 130 400 272 900 (226 500 to 326 000)$5.3(4.1 to 6.8) Men 111 400 58 000 74 200 169 400 $3.4 Women 59 900 43 600 56 100 103 600$2.0 Per capita (QALYs/1000 people and $) 47.6 (62.7) 150.7 (192.8) 193.4 (248.5) 61.9 1212 Mexico – excise tax on SSB and 8% ad valorem tax on junk food Sex groups combined (95% UI) 179 100 (141 400 to 221 300) 59 700 (49 700 to 71 200) 77 200 238 800 (192 000 to 291 000)$4.8(3.7 to 6.1) Men 95 000 30 500 39 400 125 400 $2.6 Women 84 100 29 300 37 800 113 400$2.2 Per capita (QALYs/1000 people and $) 48.0 (62.6) 88.6 (114.2) 114.5 (148.1) 54.2 1083 Norway – excise taxes on SSB, chocolate and sugar products Sex groups combined (95% UI) 133 400 (108 700 to 161 100) 46 200 (38 800 to 54 600) 59 300 179 600 (147 700 to 214 000)$3.5(2.8 to 4.5) Men 71 000 25 200 32 400 96 300 $1.9 Women 62 400 21 000 27 000 83 400$1.6 Per capita (QALYs/1000 people and $) 35.8 (46.3) 68.6 (88.2) 88.0 (113.7) 40.8 799 Finland – excise duties on SSB, confectionery and ice cream Sex groups combined (95% UI) 94 500 (75 900 to 114 900) 43 400 (36 400 to 51 100) 55 400 137 900 (113 100 to 165 000)$2.7(2.1 to 3.4) Men 54 500 23 700 30 100 78 200 $1.6 Women 40 000 19 800 25 300 59 800$1.1 Per capita (QALYs/1000 people and $) 25.3 (32.9) 64.4 (82.6) 82.2 (105.9) 31.3 614 American Samoa – excise tax and import tariff on SSB (not including milkshakes and flavoured milks) Sex groups combined (95% UI) 83 100 (67 200 to 102 200) 42 400 (35 700 to 50 600) 54 000 125 600 (103 500 to 153 000)$2.5(1.9 to 3.1) Men 50 400 24 200 30 800 74 600 $1.5 Women 32 700 18 200 23 200 50 900$1.0 Per capita (QALYs/1000 people and $) 22.3 (29.0) 63.0 (80.7) 80.1 (103.1) 28.5 558 Dominica – excise taxes on SSB and sugary foods (not including milkshakes and flavoured milks) Sex groups combined (95% UI) 59 400 (47 600 to 72 600) 24 700 (20 500 to 29 200) 31 200 84 100 (68 800 to 101 000)$1.7(1.3 to 2.1) Men 33 500 13 000 16 300 46 500 $0.9 Women 25 900 11 700 14 900 37 600$0.7 Per capita (QALYs/1000 people and $) 15.9 (20.7) 36.6 (46.8) 46.3 (59.5) 19.1 377 Barbados – 10% ad valorem tax on SSB Sex groups combined (95% UI) 40 600 (32 700 to 49 900) 22 400 (18 500 to 26 700) 28 000 63 000 (51 600 to 76 000)$1.3(1.0 to 1.6) Men 26 100 13 700 17 200 39 900 $0.8 Women 14 400 8700 10 900 23 100$0.5 Per capita (QALYs/1000 people and $) 10.9 (14.3) 33.2 (42.3) 41.6 (53.1) 14.3 284 Palau – import tax on SSB Sex groups combined (95% UI) 35 300 (28 600 to 43 300) 19 500 (16 200 to 23100) 24 300 54 900 (44 900 to 66 000)$1.1(0.8 to 1.4) Men 22 800 11 700 14 600 34 500 $0.7 Women 12 500 7800 9800 20 300$0.4 Per capita (QALYs/1000 people and \$) 9.5 (12.4) 29.0 (36.8) 36.1 (46.1) 12.5 245
• *QALY gains in the equity analysis were calculated using non-Māori background morbidity and mortality rates.

• †95% UI: 95% uncertainty interval.

• ‡Expected value analysis (ie, 95% UIs are not available for the equity analysis estimates).

• NZ, New Zealand; QALYs, quality-adjusted life years ; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverages .