Impact of highways and transport spending on food purchasing
| Fruit and vegetables | HFSS foods | Takeaways | |
| Purchasing as a percentage of total food and drink purchasing (%) | Purchasing as a percentage of total food and drink purchasing (%) | Purchasing as a percentage of total food and drink purchasing (%) | |
| Unadjusted model | |||
| Full sample | −0.006 (−0.009 to –0.002) p=0.002 | −0.011 (−0.020 to –0.002) p=0.017 | 0.006 (0.002 to 0.011) p=0.003 |
| Adjusted model* | |||
| Full sample | −0.006 (−0.009 to –0.002) p=0.002 | −0.005 (−0.013 to 0.003) p=0.223 | 0.006 (0.001 to 0.010) p=0.010 |
| Adjusted model stratified by IMD† | |||
| 1 (most deprived) | −0.009 (−0.019 to 0.001) p=0.057 | −0.007 (−0.025 to 0.011) p=0.442 | 0.010 (−0.001 to 0.022) p=0.078 |
| 2 | −0.004 (−0.011 to 0.002) p=0.193 | −0.002 (−0.017 to 0.013) p=0.800 | 0.007 (−0.004 to 0.017) p=0.183 |
| 3 | −0.002 (−0.009 to 0.005) p=0.599 | 0.005 (−0.013 to 0.024) p=0.561 | 0.002 (−0.006. 0.010) p=0.566 |
| 4 | −0.003 (−0.009 to 0.004) p=0.413 | 0.006 (−0.012 to 0.023) p=0.515 | 0.004 (−0.004 to 0.012) p=0.362 |
| 5 (least deprived) | −0.005 (−0.012 to 0.003) p=0.255 | −0.007 (−0.030 to 0.015) p=0.520 | 0.001 (−0.006 to 0.008) p=0.845 |
| Adjusted model stratified by rural/urban area | |||
| Predominantly urban | −0.007 (−0.012 to –0.001) p=0.013 | −0.008 (−0.020 to 0.004) p=0.211 | 0.007 (0.001 to 0.014) p=0.024 |
| Urban with significant rural | 0.002 (−0.006 to 0.009) p=0.688 | −0.006 (−0.025 to 0.014) p=0.556 | −0.003 (−0.008 to 0.003) p=0.421 |
| Predominantly rural | −0.002 (−0.006 to 0.002) p=0.261 | 0.006 (−0.005 to 0.018) p=0.295 | −0.001 (−0.006 to 0.009) p=0.658 |
| Adjusted model stratified by level of reductions in working age benefits‡ | |||
| Lowest quartile (<£321.5) | −0.006 (−0.014 to 0.003) p=0.197 | 0.006 (−0.018 to 0.029) p=0.619 | 0.001 (−0.006 to 0.009) p=0.704 |
| Second quartile (£321.5−£403) | −0.004 (−0.009 to 0.001) p=0.088 | 0.006 (−0.006 to 0.019) p=0.327 | 0.003 (−0.004 to 0.010) p=0.357 |
| Third quartile (£403−£479) | −0.007 (−0.015 to 0.001) p=0.066 | −0.025 (−0.031 to 0.002) p=0.080 | 0.011 (0.002 to 0.021) p=0.023 |
| Highest quartile (>£479) | −0.005 (−0.011 to 0.002) p=0.181 | −0.002 (−0.018 to 0.013) p=0.762 | 0.006 (−0.003 to 0.015) p=0.180 |
The coefficients represent the percentage point change in purchasing with a 10% decrease in LA service spending (95% CIs in brackets).
*Model adjusted for GDHI, unemployment rate and LA expenditure on other services.
†IMD represents relative deprivation of LAs, categorised into quintiles.
‡We stratified by quartiles of reductions in working age benefit by LA, using a dataset estimating the cumulative decreases in benefits for working age people due to welfare reforms between 2010 and 2015 for each LA.
GDHI, gross disposable household income; HFSS, high in fat, sugar and salt; IMD, Index of Multiple Deprivation; LA, local authority.