Baseline characteristics of patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19
| Characteristic | Overall | Periodic fasting | Non-fasting | P value |
| Sample size | n=205 | n=73 | n=132 | ----- |
| Age (years)* | 63.5±15.1 | 63.1±14.8 | 63.7±15.3 | 0.80 |
| Sex (female)* | 37.1% | 39.7% | 35.6% | 0.56 |
| Race (non-white)† | 5.90% | 1.40% | 8.30% | 0.042 |
| Ethnicity (Hispanic)† | 3.90% | 2.70% | 4.50% | 0.52 |
| BMI (kg/m2)* | 31.1±7.9 | 30.4±8.2 | 31.5±7.7 | 0.36 |
| Alcohol† | ||||
| Non-drinker | 71.2% | 89.0% | 61.4% | <0.001 |
| <1 drink/week | 16.6% | 6.8% | 22.0% | |
| 1–7 drinks/week | 9.3% | 2.7% | 12.9% | |
| >7 drinks/week | 1.0% | 0.0% | 1.5% | |
| Declined | 2.0% | 1.4% | 2.3% | |
| Hypertension* | 86.3% | 87.7% | 85.6% | 0.68 |
| Hyperlipidaemia* | 81.5% | 80.8% | 81.8% | 0.86 |
| Smoking† | 28.3% | 15.1% | 35.6% | 0.002 |
| Diabetes* | 41.5% | 37.0% | 43.9% | 0.33 |
| CAD history* | 75.1% | 75.3% | 75.0% | 0.96 |
| MI history* | 20.5% | 19.2% | 21.2% | 0.73 |
| Heart failure* | 58.0% | 54.8% | 59.8% | 0.48 |
| Atrial fibrillation* | 47.8% | 41.1% | 51.5% | 0.15 |
| Dementia* (n=189) | 0.50% | 1.50% | 0.00% | 0.35 |
| Stroke* | 11.7% | 12.3% | 11.4% | 0.84 |
| TIA* | 12.7% | 12.3% | 12.9% | 0.91 |
| PAD* | 8.80% | 6.80% | 9.80% | 0.47 |
| Renal failure* | 2.10% | 3.00% | 1.60% | 0.54 |
| Asthma* | 32.7% | 21.9% | 38.6% | 0.015 |
| COPD* | 18.0% | 11.0% | 22.0% | 0.0497 |
| Depression* | 44.4% | 38.4% | 47.7% | 0.20 |
| Anxiety* | 40.0% | 39.7% | 40.2% | 0.95 |
| Cancer* | 15.6% | 12.3% | 17.4% | 0.34 |
| Immune disease* | 12.7% | 13.7% | 12.1% | 0.75 |
| Liver disease* | 27.8% | 28.8% | 27.3% | 0.82 |
| PCI history* | 24.4% | 20.5% | 26.5% | 0.34 |
| CABG history* | 10.7% | 6.8% | 12.9% | 0.18 |
| CAD severity (maximum coronary stenosis)† | ||||
| None (<10%) | 52.9% | 53.7% | 52.5% | 0.94 |
| Mild (10%–60%) | 12.7% | 13.4% | 12.3% | |
| Severe (≥70%) | 34.4% | 32.8% | 35.2% | |
| Education† | ||||
| Junior high | 3.4% | 4.1% | 3.0% | <0.001 |
| High school | 21.5% | 9.6% | 28.0% | |
| College | 61.0% | 63.0% | 59.8% | |
| Graduate school | 10.2% | 20.5% | 4.5% | |
| Declined | 3.9% | 2.7% | 4.5% | |
*Data obtained at COVID-19 diagnosis.
†Data obtained at INSPIRE enrolment (not shown: annual income, p=0.94; married, p=0.34; employed, p=0.84; exercise, p=0.24; cycling, p=0.66; walking, p=0.13).
BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MI, myocardial infarction; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; TIA, transient ischemic attack.