Table 3

Association of infant LAZ and LAZ trajectory with food insecurity and water insecurity

M1–M18 (n=714)M6–M18 (n=710)
ModelMin-AMFull-AMMin-AMFull-AM
 LAZ
 Food insecurity
 Poor food access−0.04 (−0.13, 0.05)−0.03 (−0.1, 0.05)0.12 (−0.21, 0.03)0.11 (−0.2, 0.03)
 Household shocks−0.01 (−0.1, 0.07)−0.02 (−0.09, 0.06)0 (−0.1, 0.09)0 (−0.08, 0.09)
 Low food availability & quality0.09 (−0.18, 0.01)0.09 (−0.17, 0.01)−0.07 (−0.16, 0.02)−0.06 (−0.14, 0.03)
 Water insecurity
 Poor water access−0.02 (−0.11, 0.07)0 (−0.08, 0.07)−0.02 (−0.11, 0.07)−0.02 (−0.10, 0.07)
 Poor water quality0.04 (−0.05, 0.12)0 (−0.08, 0.07)0.08 (−0.01, 0.16)0.04 (−0.04, 0.12)
 Low water reliability0.06 (−0.03, 0.14)0.03 (−0.05, 0.1)0.05 (−0.04, 0.14)0.03 (−0.05, 0.12)
 LAZ trajectory
Time0.04 (−0.04, 0.03)−0.03 (−0.1, 0.05)0.05 (−0.06, 0.04)−0.13 (−0.28, 0.03)
 Timexfood insecurity
 Poor food access0 (−0.01, 0)0 (−0.01, 0)0 (0, 0.01)0 (0, 0.01)
 Household shocks0 (0, 0.01)0 (0, 0.01)0 (0, 0.01)0 (0, 0.01)
 Low food availability and quality0 (−0.01, 0)0 (−0.01, 0)0 (−0.01, 0)0 (−0.01, 0)
 Timexwater insecurity
 Poor water access0 (−0.01, 0)0 (−0.01, 0)0 (−0.01, 0)0 (−0.01, 0)
 Poor water quality0 (0, 0.01)0 (0, 0.01)0 (−0.01, 0.01)0 (−0.01, 0.01)
 Low water reliability0 (−0.01, 0)0 (−0.01, 0)0 (−0.01, 0)0 (−0.01, 0)
 Model diagnostics
 AIC7609.7327262.2594727.3714553.204
 BIC7763.2447492.5284870.2554767.53
  • Min-AM: season at baseline (during pregnancy) interview (calendar quarter), SES (tertile), infant sex (female vs male), household location (Chirumanzu vs Shurugwi), improved latrine (no vs yes) and maternal pregnancy HIV status (positive vs negative), time–sex interaction.

  • Full-AM: Min-AM+maternal age (years), height (cm), education (some primary, some secondary, completed secondary), religion (Apostolic, other Christian, other religion), infant birthweight (kg), preterm (born at <37 weeks of gestation: yes vs no), household size (number of members), continued breastfeeding until M18 (yes vs no), and time interactions with maternal height, infant birthweight and continued breastfeeding until M18.

  • Values in bold signifies P<0.05.

  • .AIC, Akaike information Criterion; BIC, Bayesian information criterion; Full-AM, fully-AM; LAZ, length-for-age Z-score; Min-AM, minimally adjusted model; SES, socioeconomic status.