Women with a history of GDM and ≤1 year since last birth, comparing MHH participants to HUNT4 participants
| Descriptive characteristics of the study population | Women with a history of GDM in HUNT4 (n=23) | Women with a history of GDM in MHH (n=25) | P value |
| Age, years | 32 (4.2) | 33.6 (5.9) | 0.287* |
| Birth country | 1.000 | ||
| Norway | 22 (95.7) | 23 (92.0) | |
| Other | 1 (4.4) | 2 (8.0) | |
| Education | 0.088 | ||
| Upper secondary education | 8 (34.8) | 3 (12.0) | |
| Tertiary education | 15 (65.2) | 22 (88.0) | |
| Household income (NOK) | 0.148 | ||
| ≤450 000 | 4 (18.2) | 1 (4.2) | |
| 451 000–750 000 | 9 (40.9) | 7 (29.2) | |
| >750 000 | 9 (40.9) | 16 (66.7) | |
| Living with partner | 23 (100.0) | 24 (96.0) | 1.000 |
| Time since delivery (months) | 7.2 (3.1) | 6.8 (2.8) | 0.673* |
| Parity | 0.075 | ||
| 1 birth | 2 (8.7) | 8 (32.0) | |
| ≥2 births | 21 (91.3) | 17 (68.0) | |
| CVD in first degree relatives | 7 (30.4) | 2 (8.0) | 0.068 |
| Diabetes in first degree relatives | 7 (30.4) | 5 (20.0) | 0.511 |
| BMI | 0.363 | ||
| Normal weight | 3 (13.0) | 4 (16.0) | |
| Overweight | 8 (34.8) | 13 (52.0) | |
| Obese | 12 (52.2) | 8 (32.0) | |
| Current breastfeeding | 13 (56.5) | 22 (88.0) | 0.022 |
| Lifestyle behaviours | |||
| Diet | |||
| Fruit and berries (<7 times/week) | 20 (87.0) | 8 (32.0) | <0.001 |
| Vegetables (<7 times/week) | 16 (72.7) | 3 (12.0) | <0.001 |
| Red meat (>4 times/week) | 2 (8.7) | 0 | 0.224 |
| Fatty fish (<1 times/week) | 9 (39.1) | 6 (24.0) | 0.353 |
| Lean fish (<1 times/week) | 12 (52.2) | 9 (36.0) | 0.383 |
| Total fish (<1 times/week) | 6 (26.1) | 3 (12.0) | 0.279 |
| Beverages with added sugar (≥1 glass/week) | 10 (43.5) | 16 (64.0) | 0.246 |
| Alcohol (> 7 units/week) | 0 | 0 | |
| Physical activity (<500 MET/week) | 9 (50.0) | 13 (52.0) | 1.000 |
| Current smoker | 0 | 0 | |
| Sleep | |||
| Sleep duration (<6 hours/night) | 1 (4.4) | 11 (44.0) | 0.002 |
| Daytime dysfunction | 0 | 8 (32.0) | 0.004 |
| Lifestyle perception | |||
| Healthy lifestyle not important | 3 (13.0) | 1 (4.2) | 0.248 |
| Not satisfied with own lifestyle | 10 (43.5) | 15 (62.5) | 0.179 |
Descriptive characteristics are presented as mean and SD or n (%).
*P values have been calculated using Fischer’s exact or t-test.
BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HUNT4, Trøndelag Health Study, fourth survey; MET, Metabolic Equivalent of Task; MHH, Mom’s Healthy Heart.