Table 3

Associations of Plant-Based Diet Index (PDI) and subtypes of cardiovascular disease in 148 506 participants from the Million Veteran Program (2011–2018)

		Quintile of dietary indices					P_trend	HR (95% CI) for
		Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	Q5	P_trend	10-unit increment in PDIs
PDI
Fatal CVD	Cases	499	336	509	343	480
	Model 1	1.0 (ref.)	0.81 (0.71, 0.93)	0.78 (0.69, 0.88)	0.72 (0.63, 0.83)	0.66 (0.58, 0.75)	<0.0001	0.77 (0.71 to 0.83)
	Model 2	1.0 (ref.)	0.86 (0.75, 0.99)	0.83 (0.73, 0.953)	0.79 (0.69, 0.91)	0.73 (0.64, 0.84)	<0.0001	0.82 (0.75 to 0.89)
Non-fatal CVD	Cases	692	474	663	445	584
	Model 1	1.0 (ref.)	0.87 (0.78, 0.98)	0.79 (0.71, 0.88)	0.77 (0.68, 0.87)	0.69 (0.62, 0.77)	<0.0001	0.79 (0.73 to 0.84)
	Model 2	1.0 (ref.)	0.91 (0.81, 1.02)	0.84 (0.75, 0.93)	0.83 (0.73, 0.94)	0.75 (0.66, 0.84)	<0.0001	0.83 (0.77 to 0.89)
Non-fatal MI	Cases	389	298	385	264	340
	Model 1	1.0 (ref.)	0.98 (0.84, 1.14)	0.82 (0.71, 0.95)	0.81 (0.70, 0.95)	0.72 (0.62, 0.83)	<0.0001	0.80 (0.73 to 0.87)
	Model 2	1.0 (ref.)	1.02 (0.87, 1.18)	0.87 (0.75, 1.01)	0.88 (0.75, 1.04)	0.80 (0.68, 0.93)	0.001	0.85 (0.77 to 0.94)
Non-fatal AIS	Cases	325	190	288	198	260
	Model 1	1.0 (ref.)	0.74 (0.62, 0.89)	0.73 (0.63, 0.86)	0.73 (0.61, 0.87)	0.65 (0.55, 0.77)	<0.0001	0.77 (0.70 to 0.85)
	Model 2	1.0 (ref.)	0.77 (0.65, 0.98)	0.77 (0.66, 0.91)	0.78 (0.65, 0.93)	0.69 (0.58, 0.82)	<0.0001	0.80 (0.72 to 0.90)
Healthful PDI
Fatal CVD	Model 1	1.0 (ref.)	0.88 (0.77, 0.99)	0.77 (0.68, 0.87)	0.72 (0.63, 0.82)	0.57 (0.49, 0.65)	<0.0001	0.75 (0.70 to 0.80)
Fatal CVD	Model 2	1.0 (ref.)	0.94 (0.83, 1.07)	0.85 (0.74, 0.96)	0.81 (0.71, 0.94)	0.65 (0.56, 0.76)	<0.0001	0.81 (0.75 to 0.87)
Non-fatal CVD	Model 1	1.0 (ref.)	0.89 (0.79, 0.99)	0.93 (0.84, 1.04)	0.76 (0.68, 0.86)	0.67 (0.59, 0.76)	<0.0001	0.81 (0.77 to 0.86)
Non-fatal CVD	Model 2	1.0 (ref.)	0.93 (0.83, 1.04)	0.99 (0.89, 1.11)	0.83 (0.74, 0.95)	0.76 (0.67, 0.86)	<0.0001	0.86 (0.81 to 0.92)
Non-fatal MI	Model 1	1.0 (ref.)	0.89 (0.77, 1.03)	0.96 (0.84, 1.11)	0.80 (0.69, 0.93)	0.67 (0.57, 0.78)	<0.0001	0.82 (0.76 to 0.88)
Non-fatal MI	Model 2	1.0 (ref.)	0.92 (0.79, 1.07)	1.01 (0.87, 1.17)	0.86 (0.73, 1.01)	0.74 (0.62, 0.88)	<0.0001	0.86 (0.79 to 0.94)
Non-fatal AIS	Model 1	1.0 (ref.)	0.86 (0.72, 1.01)	0.88 (0.75, 1.04)	0.71 (0.59, 0.85)	0.66 (0.55, 0.78)	<0.0001	0.80 (0.73 to 0.87)
Non-fatal AIS	Model 2	1.0 (ref.)	91 (0.77, 1.08)	0.96 (0.81, 1.14)	0.80 (0.66, 0.96)	0.76 (0.63, 0.92)	0.003	0.86 (0.78 to 0.95)
Unhealthful PDI
Fatal CVD	Model 1	1.0 (ref.)	1.03 (0.89, 1.19)	1.12 (0.98, 1.28)	1.32 (1.16, 1.50)	1.39 (1.22, 1.59)	<0.0001	1.21 (1.13 to 1.28)
Fatal CVD	Model 2	1.0 (ref.)	1.01 (0.87, 1.16)	1.06 (0.93, 1.22)	1.21 (1.05, 1.38)	1.21 (1.05, 1.39)	<0.0001	1.12 (1.05 to 1.20)
Non-fatal CVD	Model 1	1.0 (ref.)	0.99 (0.88, 1.12)	1.08 (0.96, 1.22)	1.14 (1.02, 1.27)	1.23 (1.11, 1.38)	<0.0001	1.12 (1.06 to 1.18)
Non-fatal CVD	Model 2	1.0 (ref.)	0.95 (0.84, 1.08)	1.00 (0.89, 1.13)	1.02 (0.90, 1.14)	1.05 (0.93, 1.19)	0.297	1.03 (0.97 to 1.09)
Non-fatal MI	Model 1	1.0 (ref.)	0.98 (0.84, 1.16)	1.13 (0.98, 1.32)	1.15 (0.99, 1.33)	1.21 (1.04, 1.41)	0.003	1.11 (1.04 to 1.19)
Non-fatal MI	Model 2	1.0 (ref.)	0.94 (0.80, 1.11)	1.05 (0.90, 1.22)	1.03 (0.88, 1.20)	1.03 (088, 1.21)	0.51	1.03 (0.95 to 1.11)
Non-fatal AIS	Model 1	1.0 (ref.)	1.02 (0.85, 1.22)	1.05 (0.88, 1.25)	1.13 (0.95, 1.34)	1.29 (1.08, 1.53)	0.002	1.14 (1.05 to 1.23)
Non-fatal AIS	Model 2	1.0 (ref.)	0.98 (0.82, 1.18)	0.98 (0.82, 1.17)	1.02 (0.85, 1.22)	1.10 (0.91, 1.32)	0.295	1.05 (0.96 to 1.15)

Model 1 and 2 (same as note of table 2).
AIS, acute ischaemic stroke; CVD, cardiovascular disease; MI, myocardial infarction.