Variable | Week 0 | Week 4 | Week 8 | Week 12 |
Weight (kg) | ||||
Group 1 | 79.0±27.1 | 78.1±26.5*‡ | 77.3±26.0*‡ | 73.9±23.7*‡ |
Group 2 | 79.3±28.5 | 78.1±27.4*† | 77.2±27.4*† | 71.9±26.1*† |
Group 3 | 77.2±27.2 | 74.0±26.6*†‡ | 72.6±26.4*†‡ | 70.2±25.0*†‡ |
Group 4 (placebo) | 79.1±28.6 | 79.3±28.4†‡ | 78.4±28.7†‡ | 78.8±28.6†‡ |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
Group 1 | 30.6±3.1 | 30.3±2.9*‡ | 30.0±2.8*‡ | 28.8±2.2*‡ |
Group 2 | 30.2±2.8 | 29.8±2.5*† | 29.4±2.6*† | 27.3±2.7*† |
Group 3 | 30.0±3.0 | 28.7±3.1*†‡ | 28.1±3.2*†‡ | 27.2±2.9*†‡ |
Group 4 (placebo) | 30.7±3.2 | 30.8±3.1†‡ | 30.4±3.3†‡ | 30.6±3.2†‡ |
Waist (cm) | ||||
Group 1 | 85.9±3.8 | 84.8±3.9 | 83.9±3.7* | 83.0±3.9* |
Group 2 | 84.7±4.4 | 83.2±4.5 | 82.4±4.6* | 82.0±3.8* |
Group 3 | 85.3±4.8 | 83.4±4.7 | 82.7±4.5* | 81.9±5.0* |
Group 4 (placebo) | 84.2±4.3 | 84.2±4.4 | 84.5±4.5 | 84.4±4.6 |
Hip (cm) | ||||
Group 1 | 106.4±3.5 | 105.7±3.6 | 105.1±3.4* | 104.6±3.6* |
Group 2 | 105.8±3.4 | 104.9±3.3 | 104.4±3.2* | 103.8±3.5* |
Group 3 | 105.1±3.9 | 104.0±3.8 | 103.5±4.0* | 102.9±3.8* |
Group 4 (placebo) | 106.6±3.7 | 106.5±3.9 | 106.4±3.9 | 106.7±3.5 |
BFR (%) | ||||
Group 1 | 29.8±6.7 | 29.6±6.6 | 29.1±6.8* | 28.5±6.6* |
Group 2 | 28.1±5.5 | 27.6±5.4 | 27.1±5.6* | 26.6±5.4* |
Group 3 | 30.4±6.3 | 29.7±6.4 | 29.2±6.5* | 28.5±6.3* |
Group 4 (placebo) | 29.1±5.8 | 29.2±5.9 | 29.3±6.0 | 29.4±5.6 |
Group 1: daily intake of 5 mL of ACV; group 2: daily intake of 10 mL of ACV; group 3: daily intake of 15 mL of ACV.
All values are mean±SD.
*p<0.05; compared with baseline (week 0).
†p<0.05; compared with group 1 within a specific week.
‡p<0.05; compared with group 2 within a specific week.
ACV, apple cider vinegar; BFR, body fat ratio; BMI, body mass index.