Table 2

Results of multivariable logistic regression showing OR of stunting among youngest child under age 5 years, India, National Family Health Survey 4

Background characteristicsOR(95% CI)P value
 Altitude (m)
 Below 1000 m*
 1000–1999 m1.06(0.92–1.22)0.408
 ≥2000 m1.39(1.11–1.74)0.005
 Child age 18–59 months (below 18 months*)2.04(1.98–2.11)0.000
 Female child (male*)0.91(0.88–0.93)0.000
 Birth order and birth Interval
 First birth*
 Second birth order and <24 months' interval1.29(1.21–1.37)0.000
 Second birth order and ≥24 months' interval1.02(0.98–1.07)0.298
 Third or higher birth order1.19(1.14–1.25)0.000
 Small or very small size at birth (no*/yes)1.47(1.4–1.53)0.000
 Mother’s education
 No education*
 Primary0.87(0.83–0.91)0.000
 Secondary0.69(0.66–0.72)0.000
 Higher0.50(0.47–0.54)0.000
 Full exposure to media (no*/yes)0.89(0.84–0.94)0.000
 Mother’s age at birth
 <25 years*
 25–29 years0.89(0.85–0.92)0.000
 30–49 years0.85(0.81–0.9)0.000
 Distance to health facility is a problem in getting medical help for self (no*/yes)1.08(1.04–1.12)0.000
 Four or more ANC visits (no*/yes)0.88(0.85–0.91)0.000
 Received at least two TT injections (no*/yes)0.99(0.95–1.03)0.625
 Consumed IFA tablet/ syrup for 100 days (no*/yes)0.96(0.92–1)0.046
 Rural residence (urban*)1.02(0.97–1.06)0.499
 Hindu religion (no*/yes)0.93(0.89–0.98)0.003
 Scheduled caste/tribe (no*/yes)1.21(1.17–1.26)0.000
 Use of clean fuel for cooking (no*/yes)0.84(0.8–0.87)0.000
 Source of drinking water – piped (no*/yes)1.05(1.01–1.1)0.025
 Improved sanitation facility (no*/yes)0.84(0.81–0.87)0.000
 Constant0.35(0.25–0.5)0.000
  • Note: Variable district is also controlled in the model, but not shown separately.

  • *Reference category.

  • ANC, antenatal care; IFA, iron–folic acid; TT, tetanus toxoid.