Frequency of food consumption according to self-reported dietary pattern and COVID-19 diagnoses
| Dietary pattern | |||||||||
| Frequency of food groups intake | Omnivorous (n=424) | P value | Vegetarian (vegan+lacto-ovo-vegetarian) (n=191) | P value | Flexitarian (n=87) | P value | |||
| Control (n=205) | COVID (n=219) | Control (n=115) | COVID (n=76) | Control (n=52) | COVID (n=35) | ||||
| Cereals | |||||||||
| ≤1 times/week | 16 (7.9) | 13 (5.9) | 0.339 | 6 (5.3) | 5 (6.6) | 0.081 | 4 (7.7) | 3 (8.6) | 0.071 |
| 2–4 times/week | 39 (19.3) | 33 (15.1) | 7 (6.1) | 12 (15.8) | 15 (28.9) | 3 (8.6) | |||
| ≥5 times/week | 147 (72.8) | 172 (78.9) | 101 (88.6) | 59 (77.6) | 33 (63.5) | 29 (82.8) | |||
| Beans | |||||||||
| ≤1 times/week | 42 (20.8) | 62 (28.4) | 0.100 | 2 (1.8) | 2 (2.6) | 0.897 | 12 (23.1) | 5 (14.3) | 0.439 |
| 2–4 times/week | 59 (29.2) | 48 (22.0) | 11 (9.7) | 8 (10.5) | 17 (32.7) | 10 (28.6) | |||
| ≥5 times/week | 101 (50.0) | 108 (49.5) | 101 (88.6) | 66 (86.8) | 23 (44.2) | 20 (57.1) | |||
| Fruits | |||||||||
| ≤1 times/week | 33 (16.2) | 41 (18.7) | 0.775 | 8 (6.9) | 4 (5.3) | 0.571 | 13 (25.0) | 6 (17.1) | 0.293 |
| 2–4 times/week | 56 (27.5) | 60 (27.4) | 10 (8.7) | 10 (13.2) | 8 (15.4) | 10 (28.6) | |||
| ≥ 5 times/week | 115 (56.4) | 118 (53.9) | 97 (84.4) | 62 (81.6) | 31 (59.6) | 19 (54.3) | |||
| Vegetables | |||||||||
| ≤1 times/week | 39 (19.1) | 36 (16.4) | 0.700 | 1 (0.9) | 3 (3.9) | 0.327 * | 9 (17.3) | 4 (11.4) | 0.744* |
| 2–4 times/week | 54 (26.5) | 64 (29.2) | 4 (3.5) | 4 (5.3) | 12 (23.1) | 10 (28.6) | |||
| ≥5 times/week | 111 (54.4) | 119 (54.3) | 110 (95.7) | 69 (90.8) | 31 (59.6) | 21 (60.0) | |||
| Nuts and Seeds | |||||||||
| ≤1 times/week | 149 (73.0) | 170 (77.9) | 0.471 | 37 (32.2) | 27 (35.5) | 0.791 | 32 (61.5) | 23 (65.7) | 0.713 |
| 2–4 times/week | 28 (13.7) | 26 (11.9) | 30 (26.1) | 21 (27.6) | 11 (21.2) | 5 (14.3) | |||
| ≥5 times/week | 27 (13.2) | 22 (10.1) | 48 (41.7) | 28 (36.8) | 9 (17.3) | 7 (20.0) | |||
| Vegetable oils | |||||||||
| ≤1 times/week | 58 (28.4) | 76 (34.7) | 0.380 | 17 (14.8) | 14 (18.4) | 0.777 | 18 (34.6) | 11 (31.4) | 0.792 |
| 2–4 times/week | 48 (23.6) | 48 (21.9) | 9 (7.8) | 5 (6.6) | 11 (21.2) | 6 (17.1) | |||
| ≥5 times/week | 98 (48.0) | 95 (43.4) | 89 (77.4) | 57 (75.0) | 23 (44.2) | 18 (51.4) | |||
| Dairy | |||||||||
| ≤1 times/week | 35 (17.2) | 33 (15.1) | 0.250 | 77 (66.9) | 42 (56.0) | 0.093 | 21 (46.2) | 7 (20.0) | 0.044 |
| 2–4 times/week | 45 (22.2) | 64 (29.2) | 17 (14.8) | 9 (12.0) | 11 (21.2) | 11 (31.4) | |||
| ≥5 times/week | 123 (60.6) | 122 (55.7) | 21 (18.3) | 24 (32.0) | 17 (32.7) | 17 (48.6) | |||
| Eggs | |||||||||
| ≤1 times/week | 65 (31.9) | 67 (31.0) | 0.975 | 75 (65.8) | 42 (56.0) | 0.246 | 14 (26.9) | 10 (28.6) | 0.729 |
| 2–4 times/week | 71 (34.8) | 75 (34.7) | 21 (18.4) | 14 (18.7) | 19 (37.5) | 15 (42.9) | |||
| ≥5 times/week | 68 (33.3) | 74 (34.3) | 18 (15.8) | 19 (25.3) | 19 (36.6) | 10 (28.6) | |||
| Meats (red, processed, poultry, fish and seafood) | |||||||||
| ≤1 times/week | 13 (6.3) | 7 (3.2) | 0.140 | 0 | 0 | NA | 19 (36.5) | 15 (42.9) | 0.655* |
| 2–4 times/week | 54 (26.3) | 48 (21.9) | 0 | 0 | 33 (63.5) | 20 (57.1) | |||
| ≥5 times/week | 138 (67.4) | 164 (74.9) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Sweets and desserts | |||||||||
| ≤1 times/week | 87 (42.7) | 65 (29.8) | 0.005 | 46 (40.0) | 25 (32.9) | 0.605 | 24 (46.2) | 12 (34.3) | 0.399 |
| 2–4 times/week | 54 (26.5) | 87 (39.9) | 33 (28.7) | 25 (32.9) | 14 (26.9) | 9 (25.7) | |||
| ≥5 times/week | 63 (30.9) | 66 (30.3) | 36 (31.3) | 26 (34.2) | 14 (26.9) | 14 (40.0) | |||
*Fisher’s exact test.
NA, not applicable.