Table 1

Estimated mean differences in BP associated with a six-point (1 SD) higher score of PDI, hPDI and uPDI in all INTERMAP participants and stratified by Western and East Asian participants†

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)
Difference (95% CI)Difference (95% CI)
PDI
All (n=4680)
Model 1−1.29 (−1.92 to −0.66)***−0.72 (−1.15 to −0.29)**
Model 2−0.40 (−1.01 to 0.22)−0.34 (−0.76 to 0.09)
Model 3a−0.02 (−0.57 to 0.61)−0.11 (−0.53 to 0.31)
Model 3b−0.37 (−0.99 to 0.24)−0.33 (−0.76 to 0.10)
Model 3c−0.35 (−0.96 to 0.27)−0.32 (−0.75 to 0.11)
Western (n=2696)
Model 1−1.38 (−2.16 to −0.60)***−0.62 (−1.14 to −0.09)*
Model 2−0.49 (−1.26 to 0.27)−0.29 (−0.81 to 0.23)
Model 3a−0.09 (−0.65 to 0.83)−0.02 (−0.50 to 0.53)
Model 3b−0.43 (−1.19 to 0.33)−0.27 (−0.79 to 0.26)
Model 3c−0.44 (−1.20 to 0.32)−0.26 (−0.78 to 0.27)
East Asian (n=1984)
Model 1−1.12 (−2.17 to −0.06)*−0.93 (−1.67 to −0.19)**
Model 2−0.22 (−1.26 to 0.82)−0.43 (−1.18 to 0.31)
Model 3a−0.12 (-1.11 to 0.88)−0.36 (−1.07 to 0.35)
Model 3b−0.26 (−1.30 to 0.78)−0.46 (−1.20 to 0.28)
Model 3c−0.18 (−1.23 to 0.86)−0.44 (−1.18 to 0.31)
hPDI
All
Model 1−1.04 (−1.65 to −0.43)**−0.62 (−1.04 to −0.21)**
Model 2−0.82 (−1.32 to −0.49)**−0.49 (−0.91 to −0.28)*
Model 3a−0.71 (−1.37 to −0.35)**−0.42 (−0.73 to −0.29)*
Model 3b−0.75 (−1.36 to −0.35)**−0.50 (−0.92 to −0.28)*
Model 3c−0.53 (−1.24 to −0.21)**−0.24 (−0.88 to −0.16)*
Model 3d−0.28 (−0.81 to 0.24)−0.33 (−0.69 to 0.04)
Model 3e−0.26 (−0.78 to 0.25)−0.30 (−0.65 to 0.06)
Western (n=2696)
Model 1−1.48 (−2.20 to −0.76)***−0.84 (−1.33 to −0.36)**
Model 2−0.89 (−1.61 to −0.66)**−0.58 (−1.07 to −0.28)*
Model 3a−0.83 (−1.24 to −0.67)**−0.54 (−0.89 to 0.29)*
Model 3b−0.95 (−1.37 to −0.62)**−0.60 (−1.10 to −0.20)*
Model 3c−0.58 (−1.51 to −0.14)*−0.51 (−1.02 to −0.09)*
Model 3d−0.49 (−1.24 to 0.08)−0.51 (−0.96 to −0.06)
Model 3e−0.43 (−1.09 to 0.23)−0.38 (−0.84 to 0.07)
East Asian (n=1984)
Model 1−1.13 (−2.34 to 0.99)**−0.21 (−0.82 to 0.79)
Model 2−0.73 (−1.43 to −0.38)*−0.29 (−1.07 to 0.49)
Model 3a−0.51 (−1.17 to −0.25)*−0.14 (−0.89 to 0.60)
Model 3b−0.50 (−1.40 to −0.21)*−0.27 (−1.04 to 0.51)
Model 3c−0.38 (−1.41 to −0.20)*−0.31 (−1.11 to 0.48)
Model 3d−0.24 (−0.63 to 1.10)−0.01 (−0.60 to 0.59)
Model 3e−0.11 (−0.83 to 0.83)−0.16 (−0.73 to 0.41)
uPDI
All
Model 10.87 (0.21 to 1.42)**0.34 (−0.04 to 0.72)
Model 20.77 (0.30 to 1.20)**0.24 (−0.13 to 0.61)
Model 3a0.74 (0.28 to 1.25)**0.24 (−0.12 to 0.60)
Model 3b0.81 (0.31 to 1.35)**0.30 (−0.08 to 0.67)
Model 3c0.55 (0.21 to 1.11)*0.17 (−0.22 to 0.56)
Model 3f0.38 (−0.10 to 0.86)0.16 (−0.18 to 0.49)
Model 3g0.20 (−0.30 to 0.70)0.01 (−0.35 to 0.34)
Model 3 hour0.55 (−0.06 to 1.03)0.17 (−0.17 to 0.50)
Western (n=2696)
Model 11.33 (0.65 to 2.01)**0.72 (0.27 to 1.18)**
Model 21.00 (0.35 to 1.66)**0.48 (0.14 to 0.93)*
Model 3a0.87 (0.33 to 1.51)**0.41 (0.11 to 0.86)*
Model 3b1.21 (0.54 to 1.87)**0.56 (0.10 to 1.02)*
Model 3c0.84 (0.15 to 1.54)*0.37 (0.10 to 0.85)*
Model 3f0.49 (−0.10 to 1.09)0.29 (−0.12 to 0.69)
Model 3g0.03 (−0.67 to 0.60)0.00 (−0.44 to 0.44)
Model 3 hour0.55 (−0.06 to 1.16)0.27 (−0.15 to 0.69)
East Asian (n=1984)
Model 10.76 (0.58 to 1.21)**0.49 (−1.16 to 0.18)
Model 20.81 (0.42 to 1.18)*0.27 (−0.92 to 0.39)
Model 3a0.84 (0.35 to 1.08)*0.11 (−0.73 to 0.52)
Model 3b0.66 (0.32 to 0.98)*0.24 (−0.90 to 0.41)
Model 3c0.44 (0.18 to 0.94)*0.25 (−0.93 to 0.43)
Model 3f0.14 (−0.69 to 0.98)0.12 (−0.70 to 0.46)
Model 3g0.56 (−0.24 to 1.36)0.10 (−0.57 to 0.54)
Model 3 hour0.54 (−0.24 to 1.33)0.11 (−0.55 to 0.55)
  • Values are presented as mean (95% CI); *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.0001.

  • †Model 1 is adjusted for sample, age and sex. Model 2 is model 1 adjusted for moderate or heavy physical activity, dietary supplement intake, 7-day alcohol intake, smoking status, total energy intake, history of cardiovascular diseases or diabetes mellitus, family history of hypertension, education level, use of antihypertensive, cardiovascular diseases or diabetes medication and adherence to special diet; model 3a is model 2 adjusted for BMI; model 3b is model 2 adjusted for urinary sodium; model 3c is model 2 adjusted for urinary potassium, model 3d is model 2 adjusted for intakes of vegetables and ‘sum of food groups other than vegetables’, model 3e is model 2 adjusted for intake of whole grains and ‘sum of food groups other than whole grains’, model 3f is model 2 adjusted for intake of refined grains and ‘sum of food groups other than refined grains’, model 3g is model 2 adjusted for sugar-sweetened beverages and ‘sum of food groups other than sugar-sweetened beverages’, model 3 hour is model 2 adjusted for total meat and ‘sum of food groups other than total meat’. 1 SD, higher score of 6 for PDI, hPDI, uPDI.

  • hPDI, healthful PDI; INTERMAP, INTERnational study on MAcro/micronutrients and blood Pressure; PDI, plant-based diet index; uPDI, unhealthful PDI.