Table 3

Outcome distribution in Pre&Post intervention by study groups according to crude and adjusted models

Variable	Model	Time	Vitamin D group	Placebo group	Mean difference (95% CI)*	P value†
Serum 25(OH)D₃	Crude	Pre	18.36±2. 14	21.37±2.14	−3.00(−9.07 to 3.06)	0.0001
	Crude	Post	44.37±3.05	20.91±3.11	23.46 (14.69 to 32.23)	0.0001
	Adjusted	Post	45.25±2.90	19.99±2.96	25.26 (16.71 to 33.80)	0.0001
FBG (mg/dL)	Crude	Pre	99.95±7.44	107.50±7.44	−7.54(− 28.62 to 13.53)	0.008
	Crude	Post	89.11±5.88	112.20±5.99	−23.08 (−39.97 to −6.20)	0.008
	Adjusted	Post	90.62±4.73	110.62±4.83	−19.99 (−33.94 to −6.03)	0.006
HbA₁c (%)	Crude	Pre	5.55±0.24	5.92±0.24	−0.34 (−1.03 to 0.35)	0.07
	Crude	Post	5.41±0.22	5.99±0.22	−0.58(− 1.21 to 0.05)	0.07
	Adjusted	Post	5.54±0.17	5.86±0.17	−0.31(− 0.82 to 0.20)	0.23
Insulin (µIU/mL)	Crude	Pre	13.06±2.07	17.08±2.07	−4.00(− 9.88 to 1.85)	0.012
	Crude	Post	10.60±1.58	16.52±1.62	−5.91 (−10.48 to −1.35)	0.012
	Adjusted	Post	12.03±1.15	15.04±1.17	−3.00 (−6.43 to 0.43)	0.085
HOMA-IR (score)	Crude	Pre	59.65±10.86	80.30±10.86	−20.46(− 51.41 to 10.12)	0.0007
	Crude	Post	41.69±7.02	78.16±7.16	−36.46 (−56.63 to −16.29)	0.0007
	Adjusted	Post	47.07±5.20	72.57±5.31	−25.49(−40.90 to −10.09)	0.0017
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	Crude	Pre	149.06±8.35	142.13±8.35	6.93(− 16.70 to 30.57)	0.24
	Crude	Post	154.80±9.50	138.68±9.69	16.12(− 11.15 to 43.40)	0.24
	Adjusted	Post	150.42±6.40	143.23±6.53	7.18(− 11.81 to 26.17)	0.45
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	Crude	Pre	107.93±10.22	82.10±10.22	25.83(− 3.10 to 54.76)	0.26
	Crude	Post	101.30±9.56	85.88±9.75	15.42(− 12.01 to 42.86)	0.26
	Adjusted	Post	90.42.±5.36	97.19±5.48	−6.76 (−22.89 to 9.36)	0.40
HDL-C (mg/dL)	Crude	Pre	41.08±2.45	42.05±2.45	−0.96(− 7.90 to 5.98)	0.74
	Crude	Post	45.24±2.90	43.88±2.96	1.36(− 6.97 to 9.69)	0.74
	Adjusted	Post	46.50±2.30	42.57±2.35	3.93(− 2.85 to 10.72)	0.24
LDL-C (mg/dL)	Crude	Pre	84.26±6.05	84.00±6.05	0.26(− 16.87 to 17.39)	0.21
	Crude	Post	83.23±5.81	72.85±5.92	10.37(− 6.30 to 27.05)	0.21
	Adjusted	Post	79.98±3.95	76.23±4.04	3.74(−8.00 to 15.49)	0.52
AST (U/l)	Crude	Pre	45.00±5.65	49.96±5.65	−4.96 (−20.98 to 11.05)	0.27
	Crude	Post	39.46±3.10	34.52±3.16	4.94(− 3.95 to 13.84)	0.27
	Adjusted	Post	39.79±2.73	34.16±2.79	5.62 (−2.43 to 13.69)	0.16
ALT (U/I)	Crude	Pre	36.63±5.14	41.10±5.14	−4.46 (−19.03 to 10.10)	0.57
	Crude	Post	33.69±2.76	31.44±2.81	2.25 (−5.67 to 10.17)	0.57
	Adjusted	Post	33.48±2.72	31.66±2.77	1.81 (−6.18 to 9.82)	0.64
BMI (kg/m²)	Crude	Pre	26.98±1.02	27.55±1.04	−0.57 (−3.49 to 2.35)
	Crude	Post	26.99±1.09	27.59±1.06	−0.6 (−3.6 to 2.4)	0.69
	Adjusted	Post	27.15±0.22	27.41±0.23	−0.25 (−0.92 to 0.40)	0.43

Data are shown as means±SE.
*Mean difference (95% CI) = vitamin D supplements - placebo. Adjusted for baseline preintervention outcome, sex and preintervention serum 25(OH)D₃ level (calculated based on one-way ANCOVA model).
†Calculated based on ANCOVA. Significant findings are in bold.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ANCOVA, analysis of covariance; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; 25(OH) D₃, serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3.