Background variable | Type of intervention and conditions† | Stunting (N=1498) | Underweight(N=1498) | Wasting (N=1498) | ||||||||||||||
Nutrition specific | Nutrition sensitive | Enabling environment | (+) Stunted | (−) Not stunted | P value ‡ | (+) Under-weight | (−) Not underweight | P value ‡ | (+) Wasted | (−) Not wasted | P value‡ | |||||||
N | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |||||||
Categorical variables | ||||||||||||||||||
Type of water source for drinking and cooking | ||||||||||||||||||
Not improved type of source of water§ | – | – | – | 264 | 38.2 | 307 | 38.1 | Ref. | 108 | 36 | 463 | 38.6 | Ref. | 38 | 35.5 | 533 | 38.3 | Ref. |
v95: improved type of source of water¶ | – | X | – | 428 | 61.8 | 499 | 61.9 | 1 | 192 | 64 | 735 | 61.4 | 0.425 | 69 | 64.5 | 858 | 61.7 | 0.606 |
Total | 692 | 100 | 806 | 100 | 300 | 100 | 1198 | 100 | 107 | 100 | 1391 | 100 | ||||||
Availability of water at water source | ||||||||||||||||||
On and off†† | – | – | – | 119 | 17.2 | 166 | 20.6 | Ref. | 51 | 17 | 234 | 19.5 | Ref. | 14 | 13.1 | 271 | 19.5 | Ref. |
v96: 24 hours a day ‡‡ | – | X | – | 573 | 82.8 | 640 | 79.4 | 0.099 | 249 | 83 | 964 | 80.5 | 0.366 | 93 | 86.9 | 1120 | 80.5 | 0.124 |
Total | 692 | 100 | 806 | 100 | 300 | 100 | 1198 | 100 | 107 | 100 | 1391 | 100 | ||||||
Type of sanitation facility and excreta disposal | ||||||||||||||||||
Not improved type of sanitation facility §§ | – | – | 638 | 92.2 | 752 | 93.3 | Ref. | 269 | 89.7 | 1121 | 93.6 | Ref. | 100 | 93.5 | 1290 | 92.7 | Ref. | |
v97: improved type of sanitation facility ¶¶ | – | X | – | 54 | 7.8 | 54 | 6.7 | 0.424 | 31 | 10.3 | 77 | 6.4 | 0.024* | 7 | 6.5 | 101 | 7.3 | 1 |
Total | 692 | 100 | 806 | 100 | 300 | 100 | 1198 | 100 | 107 | 100 | 1391 | 100 | ||||||
Domestic water treatment | ||||||||||||||||||
Inappropriate or no water treatment | – | – | – | 528 | 76.3 | 589 | 73.1 | Ref. | 226 | 75.3 | 891 | 74.4 | Ref. | 78 | 72.9 | 1039 | 74.7 | Ref. |
v98: appropriate water treatment | – | X | – | 164 | 23.7 | 217 | 26.9 | 0.171 | 74 | 24.7 | 307 | 25.6 | 0.767 | 29 | 27.1 | 352 | 25.3 | 0.73 |
Total | 692 | 100 | 806 | 100 | 300 | 100 | 1198 | 100 | 107 | 100 | 1391 | 100 | ||||||
Hand washing practices | ||||||||||||||||||
v99: wash hand with soap or ash after toilet | – | X | – | 269 | 38.9 | 327 | 40.6 | 0.525 | 117 | 39 | 479 | 40 | 0.792 | 42 | 39.3 | 554 | 39.8 | 1 |
v100: wash hand with soap or ash before cooking | – | X | – | 263 | 38 | 315 | 39.1 | 0.709 | 114 | 38 | 464 | 38.7 | 0.842 | 41 | 38.3 | 537 | 38.6 | 1 |
v101: wash hand with soap or ash before eating | – | X | – | 249 | 36 | 304 | 37.7 | 0.519 | 115 | 38.3 | 438 | 36.6 | 0.593 | 40 | 37.4 | 513 | 36.9 | 0.918 |
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | P value *** | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | P value*** | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | P value*** | ||||
Interval and ratio variables | ||||||||||||||||||
v102: total time for water collection (min) ††† | – | X | – | 57.6 | 58.7 | 54.4 | 60.2 | 0.096 | 55 | 58.5 | 56 | 59.8 | 0.638 | 67.9 | 73.8 | 55 | 58.3 | 0.277 |
*p<0.05, **p<0.01.
†Categorisation based on the previous review (Black et al. 2013).15
‡χ2 test (Fisher’s exact test)
§Types of not improved source of water include: (i) unprotected well; (ii) unprotected spring; (iii) surface water (eg, river, lake and reservoir); (iv) vendor-provided water (eg, truck and cart); and (v) bottled water.
¶Types of improved source of water include: (i) piped private household connection indoor/in yard; (ii) public standpipe; (iii) protected well (protected hand-dug well); (iv) protected spring; and (v) rain water collection.
**p<0.01.
††For instance, water is available only when public water attendant is on duty.
‡‡Includes 37 cases of ‘Do not know/do not remember’.
§§Types of not improved sanitation facilities include: (i) flush toilet not connected to sewerage system; (ii) latrine without slab; (iii) joint installation with other households; and (vi) outdoor defecation.
¶¶Types of improved sanitation facilities include: (i) flush toilet connected to sewerage system/septic tank; (ii) ventilated latrine/pit; (iii) toilet connected to pit/latrines with slab; and (iv) other non-sewered sanitation systems.
***Mann-Whitney U test.
†††The number of minutes spent reaching a water source and waiting there was measured by making enumerators physically walk.