Characteristics in form of categorical and ordinal variables | n | (%) |
Gender | ||
Male | 210 | 53.4 |
Female | 183 | 46.6 |
Household’s ownership of land | ||
Own land for housing or farming | 85 | 21.6 |
Don’t own land for housing or farming | 308 | 78.4 |
Household’s ownership of mobile phone | ||
Own mobile phone | 271 | 69.0 |
Don’t own mobile phone | 122 | 31.0 |
Major income source of child’s household | ||
Daily labour | 140 | 35.6 |
Agriculture and crop sales | 118 | 30.0 |
Selling, trading and commerce | 45 | 11.5 |
Skilled wage labour | 28 | 7.1 |
Unskilled wage labour | 26 | 6.6 |
Handicraft and small-scale industry | 25 | 6.4 |
Livestock and sales of animal | 5 | 1.3 |
Others | 6 | 1.5 |
Education attainment of mother or caregiver | ||
Never gone to school | 15 | 3.8 |
Dropped out from primary school | 185 | 47.1 |
Primary school | 149 | 37.9 |
Secondary school | 37 | 9.4 |
High school | 6 | 1.5 |
University and other higher education | 1 | 0.3 |
Primary school a child enrolled in | ||
Ambohimarina primary school | 25 | 6.4 |
Ambohitrarahaba primary school | 106 | 27.0 |
Ambohitsoa primary school | 38 | 9.7 |
Ambovona primary school | 9 | 2.3 |
Ankadinandriana primary school | 21 | 5.3 |
Isahafa primary school | 45 | 11.5 |
Ikianja primary school | 31 | 7.9 |
Soavinandriamanitra primary school | 35 | 8.9 |
Tsarahasina primary school | 50 | 12.7 |
Viliahazo primary school | 33 | 8.4 |
Grade | ||
First grade | 186 | 47.3 |
Second grade | 207 | 52.7 |
Characteristics in form of interval ratio variables | Mean | SD |
Age (month) | 86.1 | 16.1 |
Household size (person/household) | 5.4 | 1.73 |
School attendance rate (%) | 90.5 | 14.4 |
Number of meals on the previous day (meal/day) | 2.9 | 0.16 |
Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) (pt)* | 6.3 | 1.33 |
Malnutrition prevalence | n | Prevalence (%) |
Stunting | 137 | 34.9 (95% CI 30.2 to 39.8) |
Underweight† | 145 | 38.0 (95% CI 33.1 to 43.0) |
Thinness | 44 | 11.2 (95% CI 8.3 to 14.7) |
Overweight | 4 | 1.0 (95% CI 0.3 to 2.6) |
Learning capacities | n | (%) |
Mathematical proficiency‡ | ||
Level 1: beginner | 237 | 62.5 |
Level 2: simple addition | 49 | 12.9 |
Level 3: simple subtraction | 86 | 22.7 |
Level 4: 2-digit addition/subtraction | 6 | 1.6 |
Level 5: multiplication | 1 | 0.3 |
National language proficiency§ | ||
Level 1: beginner | 259 | 68.7 |
Level 2: letter | 53 | 14.1 |
Level 3: word | 44 | 11.7 |
Level 4: paragraph | 17 | 4.5 |
Level 5: essay | 4 | 1.1 |
*Score calculated based on 12 food groups consumed at a household on the previous day (min 0–max 12).24
†n=388. Eleven children older than 120.8 months of age were excluded, as their z-score for weight for age cannot be calculated.19
‡n=379. Fourteen children were excluded, as they were absent from the examinations of mathematics.
§n=377. Sixteen children were excluded, as they were absent from the examinations of national language.