Table 2

Ordinal regressions on subject proficiencies with background variables

Background variables	Mathematical proficiency			National language proficiency
Background variables	B: Coefficient estimate	95% CI	P-value	B: Coefficient estimate	95% CI	P-value
Academic variables
Attendance rate (%)	0.027	(0.005–0.048)	0.014*	0.017	(0.042–0.076)	<0.001**
Grade *	(Dropped due to multicollinearity)			(Dropped due to multicollinearity)
Nutrition and food security variables
*Stunting*
Stunted	(Reference)			(Reference)
Not stunted	0.620	(0.105–1.136)	0.018*	0.925	(-0.499–0.549)	0.925
*Underweight*
Underweight	(Reference)			(Reference)
Not underweight	(Dropped due to multicollinearity)			(Dropped due to multicollinearity)
*Thinness*
Thin	(Reference)			(Reference)
Not Thin	0.681	(-0.076–1.432)	0.076	1.007	(0.160–1.853)	0.020*
*Overweight*
Overweight	(Reference)			(Reference)
Not overweight	−0.917	(-2.988–1.154)	0.385	0.936	(-1.764–3.636)	0.497
Number of meals on the previous day	−0.439	(-2.226–1.349)	0.630	−0.700	(-2.438–1.039)	0.430
Household diet diversity score (%)	0.160	(-0.026–0.345)	0.091	0.080	(-0.114–0.274)	0.419
Socio-demographic variables
*Gender*
Male	−0.152	(-0.597–0.505)	0.505	−0.425	(-0.899–0.050)	0.079
Female	(Reference)			(Reference)
Age(months)	0.046	(0.030–0.062)	<0.001**	0.059	(0.042–0.076)	<0.001**
Number of household members(person)	0.113	(-0.026–0.251)	0.111	0.059	(-0.084–0.203)	0.417
Socio-economic variables
*Household’s ownership of land*
Own land for house/farm	(Reference)			(Reference)
Don’t own land for house/farm	−0.279	(-0.273–0.832)	0.321	0.378	(-0.197–0.953)	0.197
*Household’s ownership of mobile phone*
Own mobile phone	(Reference)			(Reference)
Don’t own mobile phone	−0.172	(-0.655–0.321)	0.494	−0.487	(-1.012–0.038)	0.069
*Major income source of child’s household*
Daily labour	(Reference)			(Reference)
Agriculture and crop sales	−0.180	(-0.789–0.428)	0.561	−0.288	(-0.933–0.357)	0.381
Selling, trading and commerce	−0.864	(-1.578–−0.149)	0.018 *	−0.318	(-1.073–0.437)	0.409
Skilled wage labour	−0.557	(-1.397–0.282)	0.193	−0.238	(-1.135–0.659)	0.603
Unskilled wage labour	−0.138	(-1.094–0.819)	0.778	0.044	(-0.999–1.087)	0.934
Handicraft and small-scale industry	−0.786	(-1.695–0.124)	0.090	−0.359	(-1.304–0.585)	0.456
Livestock and sales of animal	0.010	(-1.947–1.966)	0.992	−1.170	(-2.932–0.591)	0.193
Others †	1.139	(-1.231–3.510)	0.346	15.454	(15.454–15.454)	n.a.‡
Education attainment of mother/caregiver
Dropped out from primary school	(Reference)			(Reference)
Never gone to school	0.148	(-1.421–1.124)	0.819	−0.150	(-1.502–1.201)	0.827
Primary school	−0.455	(-0.952–0.043)	0.073	−0.351	(-0.883–0.181)	0.196
Secondary school	−0.571	(-1.347–0.206)	0.150	0.575	(-1.393–0.242)	0.168
High school	15.703	(15.703–15.703)	n.a.‡	15.278	(15.278–15.278)	n.a.‡
University and other higher education	−0.727	(-4.440–2.986)	0.701	−1.104	(-4.741–2.533)	0.552
Regression model parameters	R²=0.220, P<0.001			R²=0.239, P<0.001

*Indicates either first grade or second grade.
†Includes: (1) remittance from family members; (2) government allowance (eg, pension); and (3) begging and assistance.
‡SPSS was unable to calculate p value.
§ *P <0.05, **P <0.01
n.a., not applicable.