Covariate | aOR | P-value | 95% CI | |
Lower | Upper | |||
Sex | ||||
Female | Ref | |||
Male | 5.09 | 0.000 | 3.58 | 7.24 |
Age group, years | ||||
80+ | Ref | |||
50–59 | 1.61 | 0.036 | 1.03 | 2.51 |
60–69 | 1.32 | 0.201 | 0.86 | 2.04 |
70–79 | 1.37 | 0.127 | 0.91 | 2.05 |
Marital status | ||||
Married | Ref | |||
Never married | 1.42 | 0.346 | 0.68 | 2.96 |
Separated | 1.61 | 0.040 | 1.02 | 2.52 |
Widowed | 1.05 | 0.817 | 0.71 | 1.53 |
Religion | ||||
Christian | Ref | |||
None | 4.10 | 0.000 | 2.08 | 8.09 |
Islam | 0.15 | 0.000 | 0.09 | 0.25 |
Primal indigenous | 1.99 | 0.012 | 1.16 | 3.39 |
Place of residence | ||||
Urban | Ref | |||
Rural | 1.42 | 0.010 | 1.09 | 1.84 |
Region | ||||
Northern | Ref | |||
Ashanti | 0.70 | 0.393 | 0.31 | 1.57 |
Brong Ahafo | 0.83 | 0.693 | 0.34 | 2.05 |
Central | 1.62 | 0.259 | 0.69 | 3.81 |
Eastern | 1.51 | 0.290 | 0.70 | 3.29 |
GT. Accra | 1.28 | 0.558 | 0.55 | 2.97 |
Upper East | 0.65 | 0.422 | 0.23 | 1.84 |
Upper West | 0.80 | 0.630 | 0.32 | 1.97 |
Volta | 2.30 | 0.040 | 1.04 | 5.09 |
Western | 0.96 | 0.920 | 0.44 | 2.11 |
Ever used tobacco | ||||
No | Ref | |||
Yes | 3.81 | 0.000 | 2.43 | 5.97 |
QoL | ||||
BMI | ||||
Normal | Ref | |||
Underweight | 1.23 | 0.312 | 0.82 | 1.85 |
Overweight | 0.89 | 0.572 | 0.59 | 1.34 |
Obesity | 1.31 | 0.349 | 0.74 | 2.34 |
Poor | Ref | |||
Low | 1.35 | 0.463 | 0.59 | 3.08 |
Moderate | 1.39 | 0.347 | 0.69 | 2.79 |
High | 1.82 | 0.139 | 0.82 | 4.06 |
Educational level | ||||
None | Ref | |||
Primary | 1.35 | 0.087 | 0.96 | 1.89 |
Secondary | 1.44 | 0.063 | 0.98 | 2.11 |
Tertiary | 1.35 | 0.365 | 0.70 | 2.58 |
aOR, adjusted Odd Ratio; BMI, body mass index; QoL, quality of life.