Elsevier

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

Volume 87, July 2020, Pages 184-187
Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

Lifestyle risk factors, inflammatory mechanisms, and COVID-19 hospitalization: A community-based cohort study of 387,109 adults in UK

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.059Get rights and content

Highlights

  • The association between lifestyle factors and risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation is unknown.

  • Poorer lifestyle habit and elevated C-reactive protein was associated with greater risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation.

  • Unhealthy lifestyle behaviours in combination accounted for up to 51% of the population attributable fraction of severe COVID-19.

  • Low grade inflammation may be an important mechanism.

  • Adopting simple lifestyle changes could lower the risk of severe COVID-19 infection.

Abstract

We conducted the first large-scale general population study on lifestyle risk factors (smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, and excessive alcohol intake) for COVID-19 using prospective cohort data with national registry linkage to hospitalisation. Participants were 387,109 men and women (56.4 ± 8.8 yr; 55.1% women) residing in England from UK Biobank study. Physical activity, smoking, and alcohol intake, were assessed by questionnaire at baseline (20062010). Body mass index, from measured height and weight, was used as an indicator of overall obesity. Outcome was cases of COVID-19 serious enough to warrant a hospital admission from 16-March-2020 to 26-April-2020. There were 760 COVID-19 cases. After adjustment for age, sex and mutually for each lifestyle factor, physical inactivity (Relative risk, 1.32, 95% confidence interval, 1.10, 1.58), smoking (1.42;1.12, 1.79) and obesity (2.05 ;1.68, 2.49) but not heavy alcohol consumption (1.12; 0.93, 1.35) were all related to COVID-19. We also found a dose-dependent increase in risk of COVID-19 with less favourable lifestyle scores, such that participants in the most adverse category had 4-fold higher risk (4.41; 2.52–7.71) compared to people with the most optimal lifestyle. C-reactive protein levels were associated with elevated risk of COVID-19 in a dose-dependent manner, and partly (10–16%) explained associations between adverse lifestyle and COVID-19. Based on UK risk factor prevalence estimates, unhealthy behaviours in combination accounted for up to 51% of the population attributable fraction of severe COVID-19. Our findings suggest that an unhealthy lifestyle synonymous with an elevated risk of non-communicable disease is also a risk factor for COVID-19 hospital admission, which might be partly explained by low grade inflammation. Adopting simple lifestyle changes could lower the risk of severe infection.

Keywords

Physical activity
Smoking
Obesity
Infection
Coronavirus
C-reactive protein
Population cohort

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